Abstract: This papers analyses problems related to monitoring and evaluating social and economic impacts arising from the development of space economy, especially space technologies. Using the best practices of the European Space Agency, various approaches to creating evaluation systems are considered. Special attention is paid to the Copernicus Program, mainly to the ways of identifying, measuring, and assessing the benefits for the economy and society resulting from its implementation. This research systematizes the main types of benefits that can be monitored. The author shows that interdisciplinary approaches are essential for solving theoretical and practical problems related to obtaining reliable data for decision makers in space technologies investments. Moreover, the formation of analytical skills in identifying social impacts is necessary for experts who realize the assessment procedures.

Keywords: Economic Impact, Social Impact, Regulatory Impact Assessment, Impact Assessment, Impact Measurement, Investments, Space Economy, Space Policy, Copernicus Programme, European Space Agency

References:
Ruff K., Olsen S. The Next Frontier in Social Impact Measurement Isn’t Measurement at All. Why we need skilled analysts to improve social capital markets // Stanford Social Innovation Review. May 10, 2016. URL: https://ssir.org/articles/entry/next_frontier_in_social_impact_measurement# (data obrashcheniya: 20.12.2019).
Collovà C. How does ex-ante Impact Assessment work in the EU? // Directorate for Impact Assessment and European Added Value. European Parliament No. PE 528.809, February 2015.
Bausch C.J. Toward True Regulatory Reform: How to Make EU Governance Innovation Fit // Revolutionising EU Innovation Policy / Gretschmann K., Schepers S. (eds). London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. P. 215-257.
A European Space Policy: Past consolidation, present challenges and future perspectives / Eds. T. Hoerber, S. Lieberman. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2019. – 212 p.
UNOOSA and Luxembourg launch new “Space Law for New Space Actors” project // Luxemburg Space Agency. 13 Nov. 2019. URL: https://space-agency.publi

Abstract: This paper analyzes the current EU space strategy and confronts it with existing global challenges in the space sector. The ultimate aim of this research is to recommend a well-adjusted space policy for the European Commission to ensure effective and sustainable exploration and use of outer space for the benefit of all EU member-states. In order to draft the most efficient space policy, the uniqueness of Europe’s space sector is studied. This paper argues that the EU space policy has to focus on guaranteeing European autonomy in access and use of outer space. The author extensively analyzes the challenges and opportunities related to dynamic development of private space sector’s activities. Emphasis is made on the significance of symbiotic cooperation between the public institutions and private companies regarding mutual benefits. The paper concludes that it is the right time for the European Union to build a bold and prospective space policy.

Keywords: Space Economy, European Union, European Space Agency, European Autonomy, Space Law, European Space Policy, Outer Space, European Commission, European Space Strategy, Space Governance

References:
Genta G. Private space exploration: A new way for starting a spacefaring society? // Acta Astronautica. 2014. Vol. 104. No. 2. P. 480-486.
von der Dunk F. The European Union and the Outer Space Treaty: Will the Twain Ever Meet? Space, Cyber, and Telecommunications Law Program Faculty Publications, 2003. P. 83.
Sagath D., Papadimitriou A., Adriaensen M. and Giannopapa Ch. Space strategy and governance of ESA small member states // Acta Astronautica. 2018. Vol. 142. No. 1. P. 112-120.
Sagath D., Papadimitriou A., Adriaensen M. and Giannopapa Ch. Priorities in national space strategies and governance of the member states of the European Space Agency // Acta Astronautica. 2015. Vol. 117. No. 10. P. 356-367.
von der Dunk F. European Space Law // The Handbook on Space Law / von der Dunk F., Tronchetti F. (eds.). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2015. P. 357.
von der Dunk F. Towards one captain on the European spaceship—why the EU should join ESA // Space Policy. 2017. Vol. 39. P. 82.
European Defence Ac

Abstract: The subject of the study is more than half a century history of the formation and development of the U. S. National Space Council, as an element of the space policy development system, that designed to harmonize the positions and interests of various stakeholders. Particular attention is paid to aspects that demonstrate the complexity of the introduction of these mechanisms into the governing practice of the space sector of the U.S. economy. Although the process is not yet completed (regarding compliance with the current state of affairs to the target model) the analysis of American experience allows identifying useful public management practices in the very competitive area of the global economy. The work was carried out with the using a comparative analysis of the legal acts and documentary sources.

Keywords: Coordination of Interests, Space Law, Space Policy, Space Economy, Space Activity, Economic History, USA, National Space Council, Space Strategy, Management

References:
Lewin S. Plans for Space Force Laid Out at National Space Council Meeting // Space.com. October 23, 2018. URL: https://www.space.com/42237-national-space-council-space-force-meeting.html (data obrashcheniya: 13.12.2018).
Space Policy Directive-3, National Space Traffic Management Policy. June 18, 2018. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/space-policy-directive-3-national-space-traffic-management-policy/ (data obrashcheniya: 13.12.2018).
Space Policy Directive-2, Streamlining Regulations on Commercial Use of Space. May 24, 2018. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/space-policy-directive-2-streamlining-regulations-commercial-use-space/ (data obrashcheniya: 13.12.2018).
Presidential Memorandum on Reinvigorating America’s Human Space Exploration Program. December 11, 2017. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-reinvigorating-americas-human-space-exploration-program/ (data obrashcheniya: 13.12.2018).
President Donald J. Trump is Unveiling an Amer

Abstract: The research subject is the activities of innovatively developed countries in the development of theoretical models, metrics and mechanisms helping to estimate societal impact of large-scale research projects (Big Science) as, consequently, manage the current and long-term impact of the development of science and innovations on socio-economic progress. Special attention is given to the need to estimate societal impact of expensive space programs. The purpose of the research is to determine the experience that could be used in Russia and to elaborate recommendations for its using. To solve the research tasks, the author uses general theoretical and empirical methods and interdisciplinary approaches. Though the positive impact of the Big Science projects on social development seems obvious, the newest scientific works don’t provide any evidence based proofs of this thesis. In the context of increased public attention to the quality of national resources management, it becomes extremely important to develop scientific instruments helping analyze the presence of interdependence between the increase of expenditures for large scale scientific projects and the growth of innovativeness of changes. In the Russian Federation, this sphere is at the initial stage of formation. It seems reasonable to activate such projects within the Scientific and Technological Development Strategy of the Russian Federation for 2017 – 2019. 

Keywords: Societal Value, Social impact, Societal impact, NASA, Large-scale research, Big Science project, Space Program, Space, Assessment Methods, Science Policy

References:
Main Science and Technology Indicators: Volume 2017 / 1. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2017. – 132 p.
Big Science: What’s It Worth? / P. Purton. Brussels: Science | Business Publishing Ltd, 2015. – 46 p.
Impact of Science 2016: Governmental and institutional methods to advance the societal impact of science. 9-10 June 2016 in De Balie, Amsterdam. Netherlands. URL: http://aesisnet.com/event/impact-of-science-2016/ (data obrashcheniya: 15.11.2017).
Burdge R.J., Vanclay F. Social impact assessment // Environmental and social impact assessment. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 1995. P. 31-66.
Burdge R.J., Vanclay F. Social impact assessment: a contribution to the state of the art series // Impact Assessment. 1996. Vol. 14. № 1. P. 59-86.
Narin F., Hamilton K.S., Olivastro D. The increasing linkage between US technology and public science // Research Policy. 1997. Vol. 26. № 3. P. 317–330.
May R.M. The scientific investments of nations // Science. 1998. Vol. 281. № 5373. P. 49–51.
Beise M., Stahl

Abstract: The recently unveiled EU Global Strategy on Foreign and Security Policy presents bold and ambitious plans in several increasingly important domains for Europe, including outer space. The EU has committed itself to securing an autonomous access to space, providing security for its space-based assets, and promoting the adoption of a voluntary code of conduct in space. With the evolving dynamics in astropolitics, space security has become an ever more important aspect of space activities. Clearly, the EU has a vested interest in space security, whereas space-enabled services form an important part of European economy and contribute to the effective implementation of its energy policy, migration, border control as well as domestic and international crisis management. Since the EU is currently in the process of drafting a European Space Strategy, it should seize the opportunity to take stock of its existing space programs and lay out a promising way forward. The research subject is the recommendations for the European Space Strategy projects based on the assessment of the existing space programs and the prospects of their modernization. The author applies the general logical methods and comparative analysis (comparative-legal and comparative-historical). The author also uses the methods of the general system theory, risk assessment and management, and prognostication of safety of space infrastructure objects. Besides reinforcing the existing Copernicus and Galileo programs and further developing the Governmental Satellite Communications (GOVSATCOM) project, the EU should make a significant investment in space security, particularly through boosting its Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) capabilities and actively working on the international fora to promote a responsible behavior in outer space that could be eventually transformed into a voluntary international code of conduct. Through a comprehensive space policy and by reinforcing its autonomy in outer space, the EU will not only strengthen its foreign and security policy, but also reconfirm its relevant role in global affairs.

Keywords: Space Surveillance, Copernicus, Governmental Satellite Communications, Galileo, Space Strategy, Space Security, Security Policy, Space Tracking, International code of conduct, European Union

References:
European External Action Service (EEAS), A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy. EEAS, 2016.
Council of the European Union, European Security Strategy – A Secure Europe in a Better World. Council of the EU, 2009.
M. Pellegrino and G. Stang, Space Security for Europe, EU Institute for Sesurity Studies (EUISS), Report Nº 29 — July 2016.
P. Pindjak, The Eisenhower Administration’s Road to Space Militarization, University of Pittsburgh’s Graduate School of Public and International Affairs (GSPIA), 2011.
UN Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, United Nations, Office for Outer Space Affair, 2016.
Liang, Jie. Analysis on International Legal Issues About Military Use of Outer Space, Journal of Xi'an Politics Institute of PLA, 2, ISSN 1008-5815, 2016.
A. Jaikaran, Space Security Index 2015, Project Ploughshares 2015, ISBN: 978-1-927802-09-0.
Europ

Abstract: The object of this research is the methods of state management over the development of science and innovations in the area of space exploration. The subject of this research is NASA’s experience in development and refinement of priorities of the scientific-technological development in the conditions of the rapidly changing world. In addition to assessment of the more significant changes in the institutional legal bases of NASA’s function as a whole and the space industry in particular, a special attention is given to the analysis of the technological roadmaps of NASA (implemented in 2010) and the results of the 2016 arrangement of technologies based on their level and priority. The author notes that the modern national innovative system of the United States has an advanced network structure, which allows it to potentially realize a full innovative cycle, ranging from scientific research to formation of the corresponding market. The elements of this system are in a state of constant development and improvement with consideration of the realities of the rapidly changing world. A conclusion is made on the progress of the scientific capacity of the state policy of the United States in the area of development of space technologies. The NASA experience demonstrates the efficiency of the flexible decentralized solutions for management of technological development in the context of new challenges.  

Keywords: NASA, USA, Technology Priorities, Technology Roadmaps, Space Technologies, Science Policy, Space Policy, Innovations, Disruptive Technology, Space Studies

References:
Danilin I.V. Sovremennaya nauchno-tekhnicheskaya politika SShA: instrumenty i osnovnye napravleniya. M.: IMEMO RAN, 2011. – 140 s.
AAAS. Historical Trends in Federal R&D. Defense, Nondefense, and Total R&D, 1976-2017. URL: https://www.aaas.org/page/historical-trends-federal-rd (data obrashcheniya: 15.09.2016).
Prokopenkova I.O. Kosmicheskaya promyshlennost' Kitaya na sovremennom etape // Problemy natsional'noy strategii. 2016. № 3 (36). S. 143-172.
America COMPETETS Act. Public Law 110-69-Aug. 9, 2007. – URL: https://www.congress.gov/110/plaws/publ69/PLAW-110publ69.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 15.09.2016).
Lan'shina T.A. Problemy sokhraneniya konkurentosposobnosti natsional'noy innovatsionnoy sistemy SShA // Rossiya i Amerika v XXI veke. Elektronnyy nauchnyy zhurnal. 2014. № 1. URL: http://www.rusus.ru/?act=read&id=404 (data obrashcheniya: 15.09.2016).
Seleznev P.S. Innovatsionnaya politika SShA: bor'ba za global'noe liderstvo // Vestnik finansovogo universiteta. 2012. № 5. S.91-101.
Barack Obama's Plan For American Leadership in