Abstract: The relevance of the study is due to the need to create a universal reliable valid accurate method for determining the vessel's squat, since all existing methods, techniques, algorithms, formulas are limited in use and do not fully possess all the specified characteristics. The object of the study is the navigational safety. The subject of the study is the vessel's squat in shallow water. The purpose of the study is to form a list of problems to be solved for the effective implementation of the concept of an adaptive system for assessing the current and predicted values of the vessel's squat, and a brief description of the content of these problems. The methodological basis of the study is experiment and measurement, although the work directly presents not the research results obtained by these methods, but the formulation of problems to be solved using them. When substantiating the concept of an adaptive system, such scientific research methods as analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction were used. The novelty of the study lies in the substantiation of the concept of an adaptive system, the hardware of which, among other things, includes such a technical means as a three-antenna satellite compass. The study revealed that the current methodology for determining squat does not contain absolutely reliable and universal methods. At the same time, the system proposed at the conceptual level is also limited in its development due to the lack of a clear understanding of the further direction of the study and the associated set of problems to be solved. In order to eliminate this gap, a list of primary tasks for the evolution and development of an adaptive system for assessing the current and predicted values of the vessel's squat has been formulated, some of which involve conducting full-scale experiments.

Keywords: economic security, ecological security, navigational safety, squat, UKC, computation, forecasting, system, neural network, architecture

Abstract: This research examines the interrelationship and impact of informatization, digitalization, and digital transformation on the development and implementation of transparency in modern criminal proceedings. The paper explores in detail how these processes are transforming the traditionally closed sphere of criminal proceedings, increasing the level of openness and accessibility of information for legal participants and society. Particular attention is paid to identifying and analyzing systemic contradictions arising between the requirement for transparency and the imperatives of ensuring national security, protecting state and other legally protected secrets, and the individual's right to privacy. The study also examines the place and role of the individual in the transparency-security coordinate system and formulates proposals for improving current criminal procedure legislation. The methodological basis is formed by a combination of general and specific scientific methods, including dialectical, systemic-structural, comparative legal, formal-logical, and sociological methods. The research's novelty lies in its conceptual delineation and clarification of the key categories of "informatization," "digitalization," and "digital transformation" as they apply to criminal proceedings, revealing their specific and multifaceted impact on transparency. The author concludes that these processes, while interrelated, are not identical and contribute differently to openness: informatization creates social demand, digitalization provides tools, and digital transformation fundamentally changes the paradigm of the process. A key finding is the thesis regarding the dialectical contradiction between transparency and security requirements, a conflict that cannot be resolved through restrictions alone, but requires the creation of a system of legal and technological guarantees. As a key solution, it is proposed to enshrine the principle of transparency in criminal proceedings in the Russian Federation Criminal Procedure Code. The author formulates the definition, goals, methods for ensuring transparency, and the limits of its application in criminal proceedings.

Keywords: transparency, informatization, digitalization, digital transformation, criminal proceedings, national security, individual rights, information security, digital technologies, preliminary investigation secrecy

Abstract: The paper presents a formal approach to explainable reinforcement learning aimed at developing trusted intelligent systems in the field of cybersecurity. A mathematical model of an RL agent is proposed, which operates in an uncertain network environment and makes decisions on traffic inspection or blocking based on reward function optimization and partial observation of the network state. The subject of the research is the logical‑mathematical interpretation of RL agent strategies, which allows linking its behavior with formally verifiable properties of security, reachability, and causal sequence of actions. The method provides interpretation of the agent’s strategy using temporal logic, enabling formal verification of its compliance with specified security and reachability properties. The proposed mathematical model connects the decision‑making process regarding traffic blocking or inspection with causal structures and logical inference. This approach is aimed at creating trusted and auditable cyber‑physical systems whose behavior can be rigorously verified. The research methodology in this paper is based on the synthesis of machine learning techniques and formal logic. This approach enables a transition from empirical optimization to formal, verifiable behavior specifications, which constitutes its key innovation. The effectiveness of the methodology is confirmed by a computational experiment. The scientific novelty lies in the integration of reinforcement learning with logical models of LTL (Linear Temporal Logic) and EL (Epistemic Logic), which enables transition from empirically derived policies to formal specifications subject to automatic verification. It is shown that the combined use of temporal and epistemic logic allows describing the agent’s response to network anomalies both in the temporal dimension and from the perspective of the agent’s knowledge level under partial observability. The obtained results confirm that the logical‑mathematical interpretation of RL agent strategies is an effective tool for enhancing transparency, predictability, and trust in intelligent cybersecurity systems.

Keywords: model, interpretation, logical analysis, data, algorithm, The agent, reinforcement learning, artificial intelligence, record, message

Abstract: The object of the study is global strategic stability, the subject is the place and role of fear in the system of strategic stability. The relevance of addressing this topic is due to the escalation of tension in the zone of indirect conflict (proxy conflict) between Russia and the American-centric coalition of Western states, the main reason for which is seen as a critical imbalance of strategic stability and strategic deterrence due to the lack of fear on the part of the collective Western states of the threat of possible use of nuclear weapons by the Russian military and political leadership. The inertia of escalation and intensification of this conflict as NATO countries become more and more directly involved in it is fraught with disastrous consequences not only for Russia, but also for international security. Therefore, special emphasis in the article is placed on the need to restore the "balance of fear" as a subjective and psychological basis for strategic stability. The general theoretical and methodological framework of the research is the paradigm of political realism. The main conclusions of the study include the following. Fear is explicated by the author in line with the Hobbesian tradition, in which it is understood not as an irrational affect, but as a property of reason (rational emotion) aimed at self-preservation and achieving peace. Interstate relations necessarily include mutual fear as one of the key factors due to the absence of a supranational authority in the role of global sovereign. Fear in the context of "international anarchy" motivates States to ensure their own security, including preventive and defensive wars. In the age of nuclear weapons, fear is institutionalized as a "balance of fear" that ensures strategic stability through mutual deterrence, involving the demonstration of threats and evidence of their reality. In the final part, the author makes a (debatable) conclusion that Russia needs to switch from passive nuclear deterrence to active intimidation in order to prevent the escalation of tension into the terminal phase.

Keywords: strategic stability, international security, national security, nuclear weapons, balance of terror, nuclear deterrence, proxy conflict, hybrid conflict, psychology of deterrence, escalation

Abstract: This study focuses on countering autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with intelligent computer vision systems. The subject of the research comprises methods and techniques for countering modern UAVs. The aim is to advance methods for countering UAVs, specifically in the domain of electro-optical suppression of cameras on autonomous UAVs with computer vision systems by employing low-power lasers. The article presents experimental results confirming the feasibility of electro-optically suppressing optical devices using a low-power laser. Furthermore, an assessment is provided of the dazzling effect when a laser beam strikes a camera – capable of recognizing a human in the frame via custom-developed software based on a neural network model from the YOLO family – at various angles. The methodological basis of this research is formed by experiment and measurement. The work employs systems analysis methods. The authors describe the most significant malfunctions occurring during the electro-optical suppression of optical devices that utilize artificial intelligence algorithms. Based on the conducted analysis, a classification of failures during the blinding of cameras on UAVs with intelligent computer vision systems has been developed. A review of low-power laser systems, which can serve as technical means for the electro-optical suppression of autonomous UAVs, is presented. The results obtained in this work may form the basis for research aimed at creating new counter-UAV subsystems within physical protection systems. The scientific novelty of the work lies in its contribution to the development of a scientific and methodological framework for substantiating the physical protection systems of critical facilities, specifically regarding the enhancement of methods and techniques for countering modern unmanned aerial systems based on the application of low-power lasers for the electro-optical suppression of cameras on autonomous UAVs with computer vision systems.

Keywords: unmanned aerial vehicle, UAV, countering autonomous UAVs, computer vision system, neural network models, electro-optical suppression, low-power laser system, laser dazzling effect, experimental results, failure classification

Abstract: This article presents a study on the illegal circulation of precious metal items bearing counterfeit assay marks. The relevance of this research topic is due to the thriving shadow jewelry market in the Russian Federation, which accounted for approximately 50% of the legal jewelry market in 2024. Furthermore, over the past ten years, the definition of a "state assay mark" has changed at the legislative level, and significant amendments have been made to the Federal Law «On Precious Metals and Precious Stones» necessitating adjustments to Article 181 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The public danger of counterfeit assay marks lies in the illegal extraction of material gain to the detriment of the well-being of others or society as a whole, a decrease in trust in jewelry products, a decline in activity in the precious metals market, discrediting government agencies, and other negative consequences. The following methods were used as the methodological basis for the study: analysis, synthesis, deduction, generalization, and the formal legal method. To effectively combat the "gray" market for precious metal products, the following shortcomings of Article 181 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation must be addressed: the inaccuracy of the wording of the subject of the crime in Article 181 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; the lack of criminal liability for the storage and transportation of precious metal products with knowingly counterfeit assay marks. Given that the legislator defined the state assay mark as a mark of an established form, which is affixed by the federal executive body exercising state control and supervision functions to precious metal products and certifies their fineness (and not the hallmarking device), it is necessary to establish in Article 181 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation precious metal products with knowingly counterfeit assay marks as the subject of the crime related to the illegal circulation of precious metal products.

Keywords: counterfeit, forgery, item of a crime, two-dimensional bar code, state assay mark, precious metals, laser hallmarking, mechanical hallmarking, assay mark, jewelry

Abstract: The subject of this research is the problematic issues and promising areas of involving citizens and their associations in ensuring the defense and security of the Russian Federation in the context of modern needs and challenges. The object of the study is public relations arising from the participation of citizens, both individually and as part of non-profit organizations, in ensuring the country's defense and state security, caused by the observed threats to the national security of the Russian Federation and the potential consequences of a special military operation. The aim of the work is to identify problems in the legal regulation of the participation of citizens and their associations in ensuring the defense and security of the Russian Federation and to find ways to solve them, proposing amendments to the current legislation. The article applies general and specific methods of cognition: systems, logical, sociological, formal-legal methods, methods of synergetics, comparative and interpretation of legal norms. The author adheres to the need to maintain a balance between private and public interests in the legal relations under study. The author proceeds from the assumption that excessive government intervention in the activities of civil society institutions will neutralize their essence and purpose. At the same time, without government support, such activities will not be effective. The author concludes that the performance of various state functions may vary depending on the specifics of the non-profit organization's activities, its organizational, informational, material, and other resources, the number of citizens comprising it, and their legal status. The choice of the form of participation (assistance, cooperation, interaction) should remain with the institution of civil society. Such specifics inevitably necessitate a discussion of various options for the conditions for performing the state function (its scope, timing, methods, and means of execution). Therefore, legislative norms may outline the contours of the legal regulation of such legal relations, but not detailed rules. Therefore, methodological recommendations are required for public authorities authorized to engage citizens and their associations in such participation. The article explores the problems of legal regulation, and proposes incentive legal measures applicable to active citizens and patriotically oriented non-profit organizations. Proposals are presented for amendments to tax legislation, legislation on volunteerism, patriotic education, and the civil service of the Russian Cossacks.

Keywords: defense, security, participation, civil society, involvement, public association, non-profit organization, patriotic education, Cossacks, volunteerism