Abstract: The subject of the study is the political and legal teachings of Heraclitus of Ephesus, examined in the context of the historical experience of political life in Ephesus in the 6th–5th centuries BC. Special attention is given to the problem of civil strife (Greek: στάσις) as one of the key factors in the development of the ancient Greek polis and the institution of aisymnetia (Greek: αἰσυμνήτια) as a mechanism for overcoming it. The research aims to reconstruct Heraclitus's political and legal ideal through an analysis of the relationship between specific historical circumstances accompanying the emergence of the Ephesian polis and the philosophical understanding of the universal law of struggle and the unity of opposites. Historical examples of the actions of the aisymnetes in Ephesus and other Ionian cities are considered, as well as their significance for shaping concepts of a just political order. A particular focus is placed on analyzing the role of Hermodorus, the political experience of Heraclitus himself, and their possible influence on the formation of his philosophical and legal views. The methodological foundation consists of historical-genetic, hermeneutic, and comparative-historical methods, as well as the reconstruction of fragments from the treatise "On Nature," based on the translation and interpretation by A.V. Lebedev. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the substantiation of the hypothesis that the institution of aisymnetia, as an extraordinary form of mediation intended to overcome civil strife, significantly influenced the development of Heraclitus's political and legal philosophy. It is shown that the philosophical teaching on war (Greek: πόλεμος) as a universal law of being not only has an ontological but also a political and legal content, reflecting the experience of normative transformation of destructive conflict into orderly political opposition. The conclusion is made that Heraclitus's political and legal ideal cannot be adequately described through traditional categories of aristocracy, democracy, or monarchy. A more accurate interpretation is that of philosophical nomocracy, based on the supremacy of common law and the mediating role of philosopher-judges, ensuring the preservation of civil concord through just regulation of social contradictions.

Keywords: Heraclitus of Ephesus, stasis, polemos, polis, aesymnetia, philosophical nomocracy, civic consensus, nomos, Ancient Greece, political-legal doctrine

Abstract: The article presents an analysis of the development of ideas of nonviolent protest among African Americans in the USA during the period following the civil rights movement. The 1970s–1990s remain one of the least studied chapters in the history of the African American movement, particularly in terms of the evolution of ideology. Notably, during this period, significant changes took place within the nonviolent camp that largely determined the modern state of protest. The object of the study is the peaceful movement of African Americans. During this time, there was a decrease in protest activity due to the formal achievement of legal equality; however, this did not lead to its complete cessation. The subject is the ideological transformation of African American nonviolence. The ideology of peaceful protest was formed in the 1950s–1960s, and significant changes occurred within it during the specified period. The research is situated within the framework of intellectual history—a field that focuses on studying the intellectual activities of individuals. The study is based on a historical-genetic method, which involves analyzing phenomena in their development. This method was used to characterize the changes that occurred in the ideological landscape of nonviolent protest during the studied period. To identify the specifics of the ideological transformation, a comparative method was employed. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the analysis of human rights activities as a significant part of the African American protest in the USA, primarily conducted through the NAACP. This issue has not been adequately addressed in either foreign or domestic historiography, despite its role in the fight against discrimination. The study also demonstrates the connection between the activities of the Association and the changing legal status of African Americans. The main conclusion of the research is that the work of the NAACP played a key role in the transformation of the legal status of African Americans. An important feature of the Association's activities was that the organization operated within the system, utilizing existing legislation and lobbying tools to achieve change. Furthermore, the work of the NAACP had a consolidating effect on the colored community in the USA, contributing to the growth of their civic awareness.

Keywords: nonviolent protest of African Americans, affirmative action, Civil Rights, John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Thurgood Marshall, Joseph Lowery, racial segregation, SCLC, Poor People's Campaign