Abstract: The subject of this article is the development of manual automatic weapons in Russia (the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries) – the selection and refinement of design and compositional solutions. The level of sophistication of the arm's designs of this period did not allow for their mass production and operation. This situation had several objective reasons. Firstly, there was a lack of specialized design bureaus and experienced designers with experience in working with automatic weapons in the 1900s to 1910s. Nevertheless, efforts by the Main Artillery Administration led to a series of initiatives aimed at providing the army with modern weaponry. Foreign inventors were engaged, and factories, including the Sestroretsk Arms Factory, became centers for creating new types of firearms. Overall supervision of the work on new weapons was carried out by the GAU (in a rather general manner), so the level of sophistication of the created sample depended on the talent of the inventor. The following research methods were used: historical-scientific analysis of special literature, comparative-historical method, processing of archival data from the funds of state and departmental archives (Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg, Scientific Archive of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia). To study the sample of the "machine gun-rifle" – a construction characteristic was compiled through disassembly, examination of the structure and functioning of parts and mechanisms. The scientific novelty is due to the generalization of previously unpublished documentary materials, introducing into scientific circulation one of the few surviving experimental samples from the specified period – the "machine gun-rifle" designed in 1900-1901. The identification of such items in itself is a challenging task due to the absence of a unified established terminology in sources from the 1900s. Thus, based on newly discovered archival materials and the study of the preserved sample, it is concluded that the experience of developing A. Odkolek's machine gun in Russia with the participation of specialists from the Sestroretsk Arms Factory could have had a positive impact on the development of domestic engineering personnel for arms manufacturers, particularly in the context of designing automatic rifles in the 1900s to 1910s. During this period, Russia began to form its own, original, and independent design school for automatic weapons, free from direct foreign involvement.

Keywords: Sestroretsk Arms Factory, archival research, light machine gun, Adolf Odkolek, attribution, machine gun, weapons design, Main Artillery Directorate, automatic weapons, weapons

Abstract: The article highlights the historical role of Russian science in the study of the northern and Arctic territories. The object of the study is the process of developing the mineral resource potential of the European North of the USSR in the context of the implementation of the tasks of industrialization in the 1920s and 1930s. This period is characterized by the intensification of research in these territories, when the Soviet government embarked on a course to intensify the industrial development of the Far North and the Arctic, with the aim of quickly involving their rich resource potential in the country's economy. The subject of the research is the historical role of science in the field of prospecting and studying the mineral resources of the European North of the USSR and the importance of the results obtained for scientific and technical support for the development of the mining industry in the region. Based on archival and published sources, the author analyzes the key research results of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Leningrad Geological Exploration Trust, the All-Union Arctic Institute, the structures of the Main Directorate of Correctional Labor Camps in the territories of the Kola Peninsula, Karelia, the Pechora River basin, the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, and the Vaigach Island. The methodological basis of the work is based on the basic principles of modern historical science: historicism and scientific objectivity. The research is based on a systematic approach, which made it possible to create an objective historical reconstruction of events related to the discovery and exploration of the mineral resources of the European North during the designated time period.   It is determined that the solution of large-scale state tasks for the scientific and technological development of the country during the period of industrialization necessitated the widespread use of the rich mineral resources of this territory in the development of the USSR economy, which determined the increase in the pace of scientific research activities. As a result, scientists studied a significant part of the European North of the USSR, discovered and explored a large number of mineral deposits of industrial importance (pegmatites, apatite-nepheline ores, coal, oil, etc.). It was concluded that by the end of the 1930s. the identified deposits and detailed geological exploration provided a powerful raw material base for the development of mining industrial development in the territory of the European North of the USSR, which formed one of the foundations of the country's industrial development.

Keywords: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, national economic planning, industrial development, Geological Committee, industrialization, scientific research, the European North of the USSR, Leningrad Geological Exploration Trust, mineral resources, All-Union Arctic Institute

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the process of virtual 3D reconstruction of the manufacturing complex of the Barancha plant in the Perm region, with the turn of the 19th-20th centuries chosen as the time period for reconstruction, representing the peak of the enterprise's development and the most documented period. The architectural design of the blast furnaces, executed by architect A.Z. Komarov, is an outstanding and unique example of Ural industrial architecture. The history of the plant is associated with the names of V.N. Demidov and P.I. Shuvалов, and it was visited by an expedition led by D.I. Mendeleev. The Barancha plant was built in 1743, and its long history included periods of prosperity and decline, while its unique architecture, influenced by the characteristics of the region and the time period, makes the plant an interesting subject for virtual reconstruction. The main aspects under consideration are the work with historical sources in the context of virtual reconstruction of cultural and industrial heritage, particularly the methods of virtual 3D reconstruction, and the issues of selecting and applying software. The novelty of the work lies in the approach to industrial heritage within the field of virtual 3D reconstruction, as well as the scale of the reconstructed object, which consists of an entire complex of buildings, summarizing the experience of working with sources and software in the development of virtual 3D reconstructions. Currently, most historical buildings of the Barancha plant have been destroyed, which makes the choice of it as an object for reconstruction particularly relevant. The work presents images of several sources depicting the visual appearance of the plant, supported by their descriptions and classifications, screenshots of the reconstruction process demonstrating the technical solutions employed, as well as final visualizations (renders) of the complex of buildings that were the subject of virtual reconstruction. All work on the virtual 3D reconstruction was carried out using free software – the 3D editor Blender.

Keywords: Baranchinsky Ironworks Plant, Ural industry, Blender, history IT, 3D-modeling, virtual 3D-reconstruction, cultural heritage, Industrial heritage, source study, scientific and technical documentation

Abstract: The subject of the study is the change in the dynamics of the Cossack population of the Yenisei province in 1871–1910 under the influence of the imperial social and legal policy towards the Yenisei Cossacks. The chronological boundaries of the study are determined by two factors: organizational and legal (the period after the Cossack estate reform in 1871) and the availability of an array of data suitable for scientific analysis (reports on the state of the Cossack population of the Yenisei province for 1878-1906). To achieve this goal, the author identified quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the demographic behavior of the Cossack population of the Yenisei province in 1871–1910, analyzed the dynamics of socio-demographic indicators of the Cossack population of the Yenisei province over the period under study and compared them with the corresponding demographic indicators of the rural (peasant) population of the Yenisei province, revealed the relationship between the socio-legal policy of the imperial government and demographic behavior of the Yenisei Cossacks. The main factor in the growth of the Cossack population of the Yenisei province during the study period was the natural increase in the population due to an increase in the birth rate and a decrease in mortality. During the study period, the proportion of women in the total Cossack population of the Yenisei province was greater than the proportion of the male population. At the same time, in Siberia during this period, the male population prevailed over the female. The migration factor of the increase in the population of the Yenisei province as a whole did not affect the growth of the Cossack population of the province during the period under study.

Keywords: stereotypical behavior, natural reproduction of the population, rural population, gender and age structure, population dynamics, theory of demographic transition, demographics, The Yenisei Cossacks, Yenisei province, The Russian Empire

Abstract: The subject of the article is the phenomenon of the falsification of the history of World War II in the political discourse of Western countries from 2023 to 2025, where the key role of the Soviet Union in the victory over Nazi Germany and militarist Japan is called into question. The article analyzes: the content of the official website of the U.S. Department of Defense regarding the origins, course, and outcomes of World War II; speech by European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen on the atomic bombings of Japan; the European Commission's position on the liberators of Auschwitz; the fabrication of former US Secretary of State Anthony Blinken about the attitude of the USSR and Russia to the tragedy at Babyn Yar; statements by former Pentagon chief Lloyd Austin and former U.S. President Joe Biden about the Allied landing in Normandy; and statements by current U.S. President Donald Trump regarding the winners of World War II. The research method employed in the article involves examining the phenomenon of the falsification of World War II history in Western political narratives from 2023 to 2025, which exclude the Soviet Union from the list of victorious countries, by comparing these narratives with historical facts based on the principles of holistic knowledge. The article makes a historical-political conclusion: Western politicians falsify the history of World War II deliberately, as it aligns with Western strategic interests regarding Russia and the world; therefore, for Russia to advance historical truth on the international stage, a systematic, comprehensive, and persuasive transmission of reliable knowledge about the key role of the Soviet Union in the victory in World War II, with an accurate assessment of the dangers of historical fabrications, is necessary. The conclusion emphasizes that truthful and holistic knowledge of the history of World War II will help strengthen the spirit of global cooperation among states in countering the resurgence and spread of Nazi and nationalist tendencies in global politics. The article also presents a philosophical-historical conclusion: preventing the falsification of history in science and education is possible through the theoretical and practical development and application of a holistic methodology of historical research, based on the principles of Vladimir Solovyov's philosophy of unity and Ken Wilber's integral approach, which will elevate historical research, education, and enlightenment to a qualitatively new level.

Keywords: United States of America, Soviet Union, Russia, integral approach, philosophy of unity, holistic methodology of history, World War II, historical narratives, historical falsification, Europe

Abstract: The article is devoted to assessing the reliability of statistical data on fires in the Russian Empire in the middle of the 19th century. The factors determining the accuracy of the initial statistical data are identified, the main indicators that were taken into account in the middle of the 19th century are analyzed: total fires per year, from arson, from lightning, from negligence, fires in towns and villages, devastation and economic damage from fires, statistics on deaths from fires. By the middle of the 19th century, the Russian Empire already had a fire fighting system, which was distinguished by the following features: regulatory and legal support for fire safety covered all stages of the service's work - prevention, liquidation and restoration of affected territories; professional training of firefighters began in the capital's fire depots; theoretical and practical firefighting skills received scientific justification; all facilities were legally established. The fire departments of the Russian Empire were brought to uniformity and uniform fire protection rules were developed for all types of settlements; the first fire insurance company was established and the foundations of national fire statistics were laid.   The research was based on the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism and consistency. Of the historical methods, the most important are problem-chronological (when identifying the processes of formation of statistical research tools) and historical-situational (when analyzing factors affecting the reliability of data). As a result of the study, it was revealed that by the middle of the 19th century. In the Russian Empire, a legislative and executive framework was established not only for the collection, but also for the analysis of statistical information related to economic, demographic and social spheres of life. It was noted that the primary collection of fire data, which required thoroughness and attention to detail, was most often assigned to police officials with a wide range of official duties. Statistics on arson, lightning fires, and information on government, industrial, and church buildings that burned down are the most reliable, while the total number of fires per year and the degree of economic damage caused by them are the least reliable. The experience of the first decade of providing fire statistics in the Russian Empire proved useful, determined the further development of the statistical service and contributed to the complexity of statistical analysis.

Keywords: confidence assesstment, died from fire, fire report, lighting fire, governor, arson, a fire caused by carelessness, statistic of fires, history of fire safety, Russian empire

Abstract: The object of the study is the monuments of industrial heritage placed under state protection in the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics in the 1960-1980s. The subject is their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, a comparative analysis of which is the purpose of this article. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the lack of research within the framework of which an analysis of all historical and cultural monuments of the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics would be carried out with the identification of objects related to the industrial heritage in their mass. The research methodology is represented by general scientific methods, among which the most important are the classification method, statistical method and data visualization method. Among the special historical methods, historical-typological and historical-comparative methods were used. The author comes to the conclusion that during the 1960-1980s on the territory of the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, 15 and 8 industrial heritage sites were placed under state protection, respectively. Most of them were located in cities and regions associated with industrial production: in Bashkiria these are areas of metallurgy, oil production and oil refining, and in Udmurtia - the city of Izhevsk, famous for its weapons production. In the total number of monuments of the industrial heritage of the Urals placed under state protection by 1991, the contribution of Bashkiria and Udmurtia amounted to 20.3%. The analysis of all objects according to their functions revealed that almost half of them can be classified as “production centers”, which is quite consistent with the essence of the scientific definition of the concept of “industrial heritage”. By the end of 1991, out of 23 industrial heritage sites placed under state protection, only 2 monuments had undergone full or partial museumification.

Keywords: Udmurt ASSR, Bashkir ASSR, regulations, state security, industry, factories, monument, industrial heritage, Urals, museumification

Abstract: In the early 1990s, the press was one of the main sources of information for the Russian population, so the central newspapers contain a large amount of information about the events of those years. The subject of the research is the publications of Nezavisimaya Gazeta, which was founded by the Moscow City Council before its re-registration at the end of 1993. The publication's journalists in the genre of political analysis covered and comprehended the events of October 3-4, 1993 in Moscow. Using the example of the publication, the authors attempted to assess how and in what way the political crisis that ended with the bloody events in the capital was understood. The study assessed the role of this publication in localizing and ending the political conflict. The authors focused on various assessments and discussions about the events on the pages of the newspaper. When working with newspaper, chronological and historical-comparative research methods were used. The principle of historicism and the dialectical approach helped to solve the tasks set and to consider the subject of research in all its contradictions while respecting scientific objectivity. Despite the public excitement surrounding the highly popular periodical during the political conflict of the early 1990s, the role and place of this publication in the context of the systemic crisis have not yet been evaluated. The authors turn to an array of newspaper materials that had not previously been studied en masse. An analysis of the issues of Nezavisimaya Gazeta from October to December 1993 allowed us to see both the transformation of journalistic texts and the main vectors of journalistic thought during the crisis period. As a result of the research, it became clear that the journalists of this newspaper very productively commented on and comprehended the events of October 3-4, 1993. Journalistic thought turned out to be flexible and very original against the background of mass support for the political course of President Boris Yeltsin by other media. Indeed, the journalists of Nezavisimaya Gazeta tried to understand what had happened in the country.

Keywords: opposition of the authorities, periodicals, House of Soviets, political journalism, The Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, the central press, Black October, the political crisis, Nezavisimaya gazeta

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of the formation and development of the military shipbuilding center in Arkhangelsk in the pre-revolutionary period. At the same time, the research is based on the materials of works by Russian authors published over a period of more than two hundred years. The purpose of the article is to compare the positions and opinions available in historiography on various aspects of the problem and identify the most reasonable of them in order to create a complete picture of the functioning of one of the segments of the domestic shipbuilding industry in the North of Russia at the time under study. During the study, special attention was paid to the process of developing the Arkhangelsk Admiralty's production base, the evolution of various aspects of production activities, the role of managers and ship-builders in this, and the contribution of Arkhangelsk shipyards to the replenishment of the Baltic Fleet. The paper presents a synthesized version of the periodization of the history of Arkhangelsk shipbuilding in the interests of the Russian Navy. The prerequisites for the establishment of the Admiralty in Arkhangelsk are shown, which were mainly objective in nature. The debatable issues of the emergence and formation of a production shipbuilding base here are considered in detail; the course of its functioning and the results of activities in various periods of history, up to the abolition of the Admiralty in 1862. The conclusion is made about the significant role of the Arkhangelsk Admiralty in the re-plenishment of the Baltic Fleet during the period of sailing shipbuilding. The features of this shipbuilding center, which have left their mark on its functioning and production appearance, are shown. The most promising directions for further research of this problem are proposed.

Keywords: shipyard, Baltic Fleet, military industry, shipbuilding industry, navy, Arkhangelsk, admiralty, Solombala, historiography, ship

Abstract: The subject of this article is the regional historiography of the post-Soviet period, which reveals the genesis of the GULAG system in the Kemerovo region (Kuzbass) in the 1920-1950s. The article provides an overview of the literature on the functioning of the Stalinist correctional labor camps in the region, the labor activity and conditions of detention of various categories of special personnel, the economic activities of penitentiary institutions, and the history of the regional penal system. The object of study is correctional labor institutions that operated in the Kemerovo Region during the Stalin era. The purpose of the work is to identify the main thematic areas in the study of this issue by Russian researchers, mainly Kuzbass historians, to give a brief description of their scientific research, to identify chronological periods in the study of the topic, to identify a range of issues and prospects for further development of the topic. The author used traditional methods for historical science as the main research methods: historical-genetic, comparative-historical, problematic-chronological, descriptive. Their application allowed for the most complete analysis of the studied processes and phenomena. The author's main contribution to the study is the analysis and synthesis of research material presented in the scientific and historical literature of the 1990-2020s and revealing the essence of Stalin's forced labor camps, their role in the industrial development of the Kemerovo region. The novelty of the research lies in the definition of problem-thematic areas and chronological stages of the study of this topic. In conclusion, the author emphasizes that over the past four decades, Kuzbass scientists have managed to do a lot of work on the search, collection and analysis of materials, mainly archival, reflecting the activities of penitentiary institutions in the territory of Kuzbass, but research in this area cannot be considered completed due to the presence of a number of issues not currently covered in the historical science.

Keywords: The archival revolution, special contingent, historiography, correctional labor camp, Kemerovo region, Kuzbass, THE GULAG, penal enforcement system, the monograph, scientific research

Abstract: The article examines the issue of migration routes to the upper reaches of the Yamansu and Yaryksu rivers of the Akkin people, an ethnographic group of modern Chechens, who are also known as Aukhovites. In the article lists of Russian embassies to Georgia of the XVI–XVII centuries, the eastern Akkins are mentioned under the names akochane, okoki, akozi, etc. According to a number of researchers, the self-name of the Aukh people of Aikkhiy is derived from their place of origin – the historical region of Akka in the upper reaches of the Gekhi River. The purpose of the article is to show, on the basis of an etymological analysis of the ethnonym ahkkhiy, as well as an analysis of historical, historiographical sources, that the medieval region of Akhokhia, known in the 1360s by mention in the act of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, could be the starting point of the forced gradual migration of the Akkin people to the right bank of the Terek and further to the upper reaches of the Yamansu and Yaryksu rivers. When studying this issue, the work used narrative, historical-genetic, comparative-comparative methods. In the course of the study, the author comes to the conclusion about the migration of the Akkin people from the left bank of the Terek, and the connection of their endoethnonym with the name of the region of Akhokhia. The northern slopes of the Lateral ridge from Mount Kazbek up to the Alagir gorge at the beginning of the XVIII century. Vakhushti Bagrationi calls the "Khokhi Caucasus", which corresponds to the historical and geographical area of Khokhi, known from toponymic, folklore and ethnographic material collected in the XX century in Ossetia. A comprehensive analysis of written sources and ethnographic material conducted by the famous Caucasian scholar N. G. Volkova indicates that the ancestors of some of the modern Ingush lived on the territory of modern Ossetia until the beginning of the XVIII century. Linguistic similarities in the Digor dialect of the Ossetian language and the Vainakh languages, identified by V. I. Abaev, indicate that Nakhon-speaking tribes lived in the Alagir gorge bordering Digoria in the west in the past. The author explains this by the fact that the Iranian immigration to the Central Caucasus, which marked the beginning of the formation of the Ossetian tribe, went in two successive waves; the first – "Digor" and the second – "Iron. The latter were wedged between the Vainakhs and the Digorians. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the author has outlined promising areas for further research on this issue.

Keywords: vainakhi migration, sleds, orsthoevtsy, the Tsechoites, tsov, Durdzuks, ahohs, Ahohia, okoki, Akkintsy

Abstract: The subject of the article is the ideological orientations in the highest leadership of the CPSU, represented by the Politbyuro and Secretariate of the Central Committee. The leader of the CPSU are characterized as having both common grounds and distinctive disagreements on the core questions of the economical and political order of the country. As their common grounds are brought their commitment to the socialist ideals and confidence in the neccesity of the reforms of the social systems in the USSR. The proccess of evolution of the views of the party's leaders is presented in interrelation with radical reforms in economy and politics. The consequence of the proccess was the crystallization of discordances between different groups in the leadership of the CPSU, which was the reaction on the already happened social transformatons, and influenced the proccess of reformation of the system. The research is written on the wide sources, including both documents of the party and personal records. The conceptual analysis of the public speeches and discussions in the Politbyro is developed. As a result of the research is concluded that at the beginning of the "perestroika" the leaders of the CPSU were united by the consesus on the neccesity of the reforms, yet there were hidden discordances between them. The reformation of the economy and political system led to detection of these discrodances and to the division of the CPSU on conservatives and reformists parts. It is defined that inefficiency of the moderate changes accumulated further radicalization of the leaders of the CPSU. It is also noted that depsite the orthodox rhetoric, the conservatives quite easily accepted the adoption of the market economy. Main discordances between conservatives and reformists were about the issues of the democratization of the political system and the decline of ideological control.

Keywords: The USSR decline, A. N. Yakovlev, The Secretariate, The Politbyuro, Central Commitee of the CPSU, M. S. Gorbachev, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Perestroika, E. K. Ligachev, Glasnost'

Abstract: The subject of the research is the study of the activities of the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation as a key link in the implementation of electoral and constitutional reforms in 1993. The relevance of the topic is caused by the almost complete lack of specialized research that focuses on the work of the Central Election Commission as an organizational and political institution responsible for the implementation of crucial government decisions. The process of forming a new federal election commission is being considered, as well as new competencies that the Central Election Commission had to master from the very first days of its work. The new CEC, unlike its Soviet counterpart, which performed mainly organizational and technical functions, was an authorized body with specific authority and made political decisions (within its competence). The situation was complicated by the fact that the first multiparty elections, as well as the constitutional referendum, were held in an atmosphere of antagonistic confrontation that had not yet been completely eliminated, the impact of which negatively affected the election campaign.  The methods of historical (historical-genetic, historical-systemic), political (structural-functional) and legal (formal-legal) disciplines are used as research tools. The conducted research revealed that the activities of the Central Election Commission of Russia played a key role in modernizing the country's electoral system, especially in the context of a tense socio-political situation caused by the conflict between the legislative and presidential authorities that has not yet been completely eliminated. Participation in the new Central Election Commission itself became a definite expression of loyalty to the presidential government and the adoption of new rules of the game established after September 21, 1993. At the same time, Boris Yeltsin, forming the first composition of the Central Election Commission, tried to take into account the opinion of the regions as an important resource in the fight against the Soviet government. The Central Election Commission and its leadership, being in the epicenter of the political confrontation, sought to carefully manage the electoral process so as not to undermine the very essence of democratic elections and thereby avoid deepening the crisis in the country. Scientific novelty consists in the study of a topic that was not previously a special object of research, as well as in the introduction of new sources (periodical press data).

Keywords: V.L. Sheinis, N.T. Ryabov, B.N. Yeltsin, Constitution, electoral associations, elections, Central Election Commission, State Duma, Communist Party, mass media

Abstract: The subject of this article is the behavior patterns of the civilian population that found itself in the combat zone during the invasion of the Ottoman troops into Austria in 1529 and 1532. The reasons for choosing the definite behavior pattern are considered, related to the peculiarities of the Ottoman military affairs in the early 16th century, with the effect of Austrian legislation and with the specific conditions in which civilians of Vienna, Lower Austria, Carinthia and Styria (in 1532 – Croatia too) found themselves. The author emphasises the evolution of the border defense system and its transformation into a single Military Border by the middle of the 16th century. The reserch is based on the analysis of published and archival documents (printed pieces and manuscripts), decrees, public whritings and memoirs. The results of this study are following: 1) the identification of the state institutions and laws that were established by the estates and the archduke in order to protect the economic viability and human resources of the state; 2) the emphasising of the role that the civilian population initially played in the defense against the invading forces (thereby ceasing to be truly "civil"); 3) the key factors on which the survival of refugees depended were identified, and a number of cases were studied in which ordinary people with no military background joined the garrisons of fortresses (on duty or voluntarily). Finally, it was revealed that, although the residents themselves preferred to avoid participation in hostilities and that the authorities tried to remove them from the combat zones, there were mechanisms for using civilians - in garrisons and in the militia. In 1529-1532, such episodes occurred regularly and until the middle of the 16th century, the assistance of peasants and townspeople was a significant element of border defense.

Keywords: civil population, border defence, ottoman-habsburg wars, Austria, Habsburg monarchy, 16th century, military history, Military Border, siege of Vienna, frontier

Abstract: The article examines the complex of ideas and notions of Emperor Alexander I related to the image of the Russian army in the context of his foreign policy concept aimed at maintaining eternal peace and strengthening the security of Europe after the victory over Napoleon Bonaparte. Based on a number of legislative acts, administrative documents, and personal sources, it analyzes the symbolic, including religious—eschatological, messianic, and other—aspects of the public representation of the Russian army in 1814-1815, the project of universal proportional disarmament in 1816, as well as the principles and conditions formulated at the Congress of Troppau in 1821, after the rise of revolutionary uprisings, for the use of military forces and intervention in other countries to restore order and return legitimate rulers. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, systematics, scientific objectivity, and the method of political theology, which allows for the analysis of religious perceptions and the semantics of various events and words and their comparison with historical events. The public acts of 1814-1815 combined military attributes and mass symbolic services in accordance with the ideas of the Holy Alliance, which formed the basis of Emperor Alexander's collective security system. His significant pan-European peacekeeping initiative for universal disarmament did not receive support from other countries. Foreign diplomats suggested that Russia begin disarmament unilaterally, which was impossible due to the demand for large military forces to maintain defense capabilities. After the rise of revolutionary upheavals in Europe, the principles and conditions for the use of military forces and intervention in other countries to restore order and return legitimate rulers were formulated at the Congress of the Great Powers in Troppau in 1821. The article proposes for the first time the conclusion that the Russian army acted in this process as a common European union force, operationally ready to act in the interests of general pacification.

Keywords: public worship, disarmament project, image of the Russian army, European security, universal eternal peace, Holy Alliance, Russian army, Emperor Alexander I, Congress in Troppau, peacekeeping

Abstract: The subject of the research in this publication is the reflection of the image of the "enemy" in the Russian pre-revolutionary press, based on the material of the monthly magazine "The World of God", published from 1892 to 1906. The sections devoted to events at home and abroad, in the scientific chronicle and in individual articles written by both domestic and foreign authors, often contained information about international events, as well as judgments that allowed to form an image of a foreign power, defining it either as an "ally" or as an "enemy" in relation to towards the Russian Empire at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Major international events often served as an additional reason to create or change the established image of foreign powers. The main focus of the publication is on the images of the Far Eastern empires, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and the United States.  Content analysis allows you to track the frequency of mentions of various subjects related to a particular power, which allows you to understand the dynamics of public interest in events on the world stage. The use of the historical-genetic and historical-comparative method allows us to consistently trace changes in the description of events that took place in the international arena, to identify trends in the evolution of the image of the "enemy". The most mobile and ambiguous image formed on the pages of the "World of God" during the period under review is the image of Great Britain, which continues to act as one of the main rivals of the Russian Empire in the international arena. The Far Eastern powers, Japan and China, attract the special attention of the authors of the magazine, however, none of these powers can be considered as a real ally of Russia, and Japan eventually turns to open aggression in 1904, which is considered on the pages of the publication as a missed opportunity for a strong alliance. The most definite position of a hostile power is seen in relation to the German Empire and its allies – Italy and Austria-Hungary, but only Germany can act as a real dangerous opponent. The negative image persists on the pages of the "World of God" for the Ottoman Empire. France and the United States are not considered in the context of powers hostile and dangerous to the interests of the Russian Empire, although the growing military power of the United States raises concerns.

Keywords: Printed Periodicals, image of the enemy, Second Boer War, Great Qing Empire, German Empire, Empire of Japan, French Republic, British Colonial Empire, Russian Empire, Magazine Mir Bozhiy

Abstract: The topic of American neoconservatism remains relevant to this day due to its continuing influence on US politics. One of the most important issues is the problem of the origin of this ideological and political current. It is usually associated with the emergence of the Commentary and Public Interest magazines in the 1960s. Nevertheless, traces of neoconservatism are clearly visible at earlier stages, in particular, they can be traced on the pages of the “National Review” magazine, created in 1955. In this article we set the goal to determine the place of “National Review” at the initial stage of the history of American neoconservatism and to answer the question, what neoconservative principles were defended on its pages even before the appearance of the well-known publications of N. Podhoretz and I. Kristol. The chronological framework chosen is the second half of the 1950s - from the founding of the journal to the beginning of the intensive journalistic activity of the neoconservatives N. Podhoretz and I. Kristol and the emergence of “Commentary” and “Public Interest” in the vanguard of the neoconservative movement. It seemed important to place the historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods at the core of the study. The method of content analysis is also of great assistance. It helps to trace the intensity of the manifestation of the most fundamental topics for the journal and, as a consequence, to identify the principles defended by the editorial board. Summarizing the results of the study, it can be noted that the “National Review” played a significant role in the development of neoconservatism in the United States. This potentially allows us to clarify the chronological framework of its origin and extend the lower boundary to the second half of the 1950s. Characterizing the role of the “National Review” for neoconservatism, it should be noted that the main merit of the journal was the systematization and unification of diverse conservative currents under one roof, which would later be adopted by neoconservative ideologists. “National Review” has similarities with ”Commentary“ and ’”Public Interest” in a number of criteria: first, in the staff of editors and writers who were former supporters of communist ideology, and second, in the principles advocated - limited government, traditionalism, free market economy. Moreover, it was ”National Review” that first emphasized a strong foreign policy strategy.

Keywords: limited government, free market economy, R. Kirk, J. Burnham, W. Buckley, National Review, origins of neoconservatism, american conservatism, anti-communism, welfare state

Abstract: The article examines the policy of ecclesiastical uniformity in the Church of England during the reign of Charles I Stuart, carried out by a group of clergy centered around Archbishop William Laud of Canterbury. This policy was based on the strengthening of the role of church rituals and uniformity of ritual observance. Attention is paid to such justifications for this policy as biblical precedent, the authority of the Church and church custom. Laudians created an extremely negative image of the followers of Puritanism, which was necessary to consolidate their own position and attract supporters. Because the Laudian viewpoint did not become dominant, and criticism from the Puritans became increasingly fierce, some adherents of Laudianism moved away from traditional polemics on questions of theology and began to sacralize rituals to the utmost, equating puritans with apostates. The article explores sermons and pamphlets of the Laudian clergy, which are considered as both texts of spiritual and political content. The novelty of the article lies in the study of the religious and political thought of the conformist clergy of the Church of England, who supported Laudian policies. Their works are essential for understanding the causes of the growing religious confrontation during the “personal rule” of Charles I. The study of the justifications of ecclesiastical uniformity helped to clarify the theology of the Laudian clergy, revealing its anti-Calvinism. As a result, it is difficult to agree with the scholars who see in the church policies under Charles I only an increased tendency towards order and unity. The forced introduction of Laudianism provoked discontent among adherents of Calvinism and caused a religious conflict that led to civil wars. Moreover, Laudian anti-Puritan propaganda contributed to the formation of "competing mythologies" of the party of the king and the party of parliament.

Keywords: authority of the Church, Arminianism, Calvinism, anti-puritanism, English civil wars, religious uniformity, William Laud, Laudianism, Charles I Stuart, Church of England

Abstract: The subject of this research is the figure of Governor-General M.N. Muravyov-Vilensky in the context of the confessional policy he implemented in the western provinces of the Russian Empire. The aim of the study is to characterize M.N. Muravyov's personality and his policies as one of the most prominent representatives of Russification politics within the broader trends of the religious policy of the Russian Empire in the 1860s. The research tasks are: 1) to describe the social landscape in the western provinces before M.N. Muravyov was appointed Governor-General; 2) to define the psychological and historical portrait of the aforementioned statesman; 3) to analyze M.N. Muravyov's role in developing religious innovations during the era of great reforms; 4) to examine the peculiarities of M.N. Muravyov's policy as the Vilensky Governor-General concerning the Orthodox population and non-Orthodox individuals. The study employed a systematic research method to consider M.N. Muravyov's figure from different perspectives in the context of political and religious transformations in the western provinces and the country. Additionally, the principle of historicism was applied in analyzing the life path and the development of crisis situations within the religious institutions of the Russian Empire. As a result of the research conducted, the conclusion was drawn regarding the characteristic nature of Governor-General M.N. Muravyov's figure in the context of the confessional policy pursued by the Russian Empire at that time. Unlike other government members who sought compromise with non-Orthodox individuals, Muravyov acted quickly and resolutely. He considered it impossible to achieve reconciliation with Catholics and refused to acknowledge that the Orthodox Church needed any internal changes. This led to a temporary resolution of the social crisis in the western provinces, but subsequently, it only worsened, something that neither Muravyov's successors nor the government of the Russian Empire fully understood. The novelty of the study lies in examining M.N. Muravyov's figure in the context of the overall confessional policy of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century as one of its most characteristic representatives. The materials of the research can be applied in educational materials and further studies on the confessional policy of the Russian Empire.

Keywords: Religious tolerance, Clergy, Catolicism, Orthodoxy, Holy Synod, Gentry, Priests, Muravyov-Vilensky, Polish Uprising, Western Region

Abstract: The subject of the research is the socio-economic development of the Russian Empire during the modernization era of Witte and Stolypin, with a focus on the first component. The object of the study is the establishment and development of the cosmetics industry in European and Polish provinces within the context of modernization—primarily examining changes not in production but in consumption—during the last third of the 19th to the early 20th century through the lens of three basic indicators: the number of factories, the total annual output, and the number of employed workers. The source corpus of the work is based on the directories of factories and plants of the Russian Empire and industrial censuses, supplemented by appendices to gubernatorial reports on the analyzed provinces and a number of other materials, primarily literary works from the late 19th to the first decade of the 20th century. The work employs historical-genetic, comparative, predominantly diachronic, systemic, and quantitative methods, including the use of computer technologies. The main conclusion of the conducted research is the overly predictable placement of production points. The demand for consumption was not limited to large industrial centers; it is also not always appropriate to speak of a determining link to the resource base, and it seems that cosmetics could serve as a good example of an industry whose rise is conditioned by the social changes of the modernization era and is recorded everywhere—but this does not happen. Not least, from our perspective, this is due to the entrepreneurs whose names are associated with the establishment of the "golden age" of Russian perfumery—Brokara, Ralle, and others—who effectively turned the market into an oligopoly, blocking opportunities for the establishment (although the emergence can still be traced) of new points, including regional ones. It can be suggested that the logistical component of modernization—the development of railroads and the final formation of a unified commodity market in the empire—has a rather negative effect on local productions in the cosmetics industry.

Keywords: Rallet, Brocard, History of Perfumes, History of Hygiene, History of cosmetics, Chemical industry, Alltagsgeschichte, Modernization in the late Russian empire, Urbanization, Russian empire

Abstract: The subject of the research is the visit of the leader of the Soviet Union, N. S. Khrushchev, to the French Republic in the spring of 1960, during which negotiations between the top leadership and governments of both countries, contacts between public and cultural organizations, exhibitions, talks and discussions on bilateral cooperation took place. The trip of the representatives of the Soviet delegation was preceded by the process of improving Franco-Soviet relations in the second half of the 1950s. The coming to power in France of General de Gaulle in 1958 was of great importance. The trip took place at a time when the concept of peaceful coexistence of countries from different military and political blocs was spreading, which was welcomed by many Western politicians, especially President de Gaulle and his closest supporters. The purpose of the work is to show the impact of the event in question on improving the image of the USSR and its leadership in the eyes of the French political elite and the media. The article examines in detail the perception of the Soviet leadership by French politicians and media of the Fifth Republic. The individual mechanisms of forming the image of a foreign leader in periodicals and television reports are indicated. In this case, the author resorts to using the methods of historical imagology. The novelty of the proposed study lies in an accentuated consideration of the peculiarities of the emergence of ideas about a particular country as a result of a significant foreign policy event, in particular, the visit of the head of another state. The author of the work comes to conclusion about the significance of this visit in the historical context. Despite the lack of specific political agreements, the visit was important for Franco-Soviet contacts and, in general, relations between the Soviet Union and Western European countries. Such meetings influenced the improvement of mutual perception of capitalist and socialist states in the conditions of bipolar confrontation and the Cold War; in fact, active cooperation in various fields was initiated: in science, technology, culture and economics. N. S. Khrushchev, as the leader of the Soviet Union, demonstrated openness to mutually beneficial relations with France, confirmed the peaceful intentions of the Communist Party and the viability of ideas of peaceful coexistence.

Keywords: France, foreign affairs, 1960s, peaceful coexistence, negotiations, franco-soviet relations, Ch. de Gaulle, N. S. Khrushchev, visit, the Soviet Union

Abstract: The subject of the study is the process of forming a network of mountain rescue stations in the Donetsk basin in the pre-revolutionary period. The purpose of the publication is to determine the role of the representative organization of the bourgeoisie, the Congress of Mining Industrialists of Southern Russia, in creating mining rescue institutions capable of functioning and interacting with each other in the context of the growth of industrial coal production. The chronological boundaries of the study cover the period from the moment when the owners of industrial enterprises recognized the need to organize rescue stations at coal mines (1902) to the time when the regional branch business organization of miners ceased to exist (1918). The paper reflects the sequence of decisions taken collectively by the mining industry at the annual congresses on the establishment and financing of mining rescue stations, as well as the organization of rescue teams to service the mines of Donbass. Based on published reports, verbatim reports, sets of resolutions of the XXVIII – XXXVIII congresses of miners, as well as instructions and rules governing the activities of rescue stations, an analysis of organizational and economic factors influencing the choice of the form of organization and functioning of mining rescue institutions was carried out. The paper uses a problem-chronological method, which made it possible to trace and characterize the formation of the first regional network of mining rescue stations in Russia. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt has been made to show the dominant role of private capital and the degree of influence of government agencies in the development of rescue business in the mining industry of the Russian Empire. The results of the study allow us to identify and characterize three stages of the formation of a network of mountain rescue stations in pre-revolutionary Russia: 1) 1902-1906 – attempts to create the first private rescue stations and artels in the mines of Donbass; 2) 1907-1914 – formation of a network of mining rescue stations under the auspices of the Council of the Congress of Mining Industrialists of Southern Russia; 3) 1915-1918 – regression and degradation of mining rescue institutions. It is concluded that the creation of a network of mining rescue institutions covering the territory of Donbass became possible with the consolidation of private capital and a balanced economic policy of the state.

Keywords: mine rescuers, miners, mining industrialists' congress, mine rescue operations, representative organization of the bourgeoisie, rescue team, coal industry, mine-rescue service, mine fire, mine

Abstract: The study focuses on organizational and legal regulation of local authorities' activities in NEP years. In the 1920s. The RSFSR was undergoing a process of active state-building - the regional boundaries were determined in an experimental way, the principles, methods and mechanisms of work of local authorities were developed, the structure and hierarchy of local institutions were defined, their functions and the degree of centralization of the financial sphere. A comprehensive study based on the concepts of historical institutionalism is promising. (D. North, D. Ajezemol, D. Robinson et al. ). Within this area, we can trace the process of institutionalization of individual management structures, study their interaction and decision-making mechanisms, assess the role of formal and informal institutions in the field. The key conclusions were drawn on the basis of an analysis of Soviet legislation, local case studies and transcripts of meetings of the All-Russian Congress of Councils from the standpoint of historical institutionalism. Thus, the specifics of the Soviet law-making institute, the rush to state-building in the RSFSR in the 1920s. , the dualism of local authorities, the operation of the principle of «double subordination» and the «mechanism for protecting local interests» created conditions for: 1) the rise of conflict potential in the sphere of governance (intercontrol, overlapping of powers and interests of different actors of regional development, emergence of disputed zones of responsibility, mismanagement, sabotage of decisions of higher authorities); 2) construction of semi-formal (provision of mutually beneficial services, imposition of self-taxes, formalization of the «donor-recipient» relationship system) and informal institutions (personal communication systems), designed to compensate for the deficiencies of the system and stabilize it; 3) as well as maintaining the potential for «pendulum oscillation» of the system from decentralization to centralization throughout the NEP.

Keywords: local interests, protection mechanism, principle of dual subordination, dualism of power, side effects, historical institutionalism, budget system, management system, NEP, system fluctuation

Abstract: The subject of this work is an analysis of the main problems related to the provision of food and basic necessities to the population of the Kamchatka in the middle of the 19th century, as well as a study of the policy of the Russian authorities in this area. An important place in the study is occupied by the characteristics of the features and main forms of trade in the region. The author notes that merchants in Kamchatka were attracted by the opportunity to exchange goods for furs and products of local crafts. In relatively large settlements, trade was mainly carried out for money, and sometimes for furs, which the aborigines brought on their own. However, export barter played a significant role, when merchants traveled to the aboriginal camps and exchanged goods for furs. The research methods are problematic-chronological, comparative-historical, statistical, as well as the method of specific historical analysis. The main conclusions of this study are the following: firstly, the economic situation on the Kamchatka Peninsula was closely linked to external factors, including Russia's international relations and the state of world trade; secondly, changes in the administrative and territorial structure of the Russian Far East had a significant impact on the social and economic situation in the region; thirdly A Russian-American company and American entrepreneurs played a key role in supplying the region with goods. An important factor in ensuring the standard of living of the inhabitants of the peninsula was the concern of the authorities for the supply of food and necessary goods to the population. The regulatory role of the State in the activities of entrepreneurs, especially in trade with Aborigines, has been an important element of government policy aimed at maintaining stability and meeting the needs of the local population.

Keywords: W. Boardman, American entrepreneurs, K. Ditmar, V. S. Zavoiko, N. N. Muravyov-Amursky, Kamchatka Peninsula, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russian-American company, trade in Kamchatka, the indigenous people of Kamchatka