National and Cultural Peculiarities of the Use of Phraseological Expressions in Chinese and Russian

Tszya Junwen Graduate student, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia 117198, Russia, Moscow region, Moscow, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 6 596222102@mail.ru

Comparison is an important way of understanding the objective world. The comparability of the two languages is based on commonality. There is a consistency of the laws of human thinking, which is determined by the commonality of human physiological mechanisms and the uniformity of our living space. The commonality of languages is manifested both in the form and functions of human languages, and in their common cognitive rationality. Differences in language are determined by differences in the culture of each nation. The language is a carrier of national culture and develops in accordance with the development of the nation. However, people have a common cognitive base. Differences in cognitive forms can be traced through their conceptual and linguistic structures and common linguistic patterns underlying the differences can be found^[1]. Idioms are simple and concise phrases that have been used by people in the language for a long time, this is the essence of the language of the nation, the crystallization of the wisdom of its people, which has distinctive national characteristics, and is recognized as the richest linguistic unit in terms of cultural content. Comparative study of linguistic and cultural aspects of Russian and Chinese idioms can be traced, for example, in the works of Bailian Jing, which will not only give us a deeper understanding of the linguistic characteristics and cultural connotations of idiomatic units in both languages, but also allow us to more clearly understand the commonality and individuality of the two languages and cultures. The disclosure of differences and similarities between Russian and Chinese languages and cultures has direct and indirect consequences for the study of foreign languages, teaching foreign languages, bilingual dictionaries, translation theory and intercultural communication. Idioms are a group of phraseological units that are often used in the use of language and play an important role in everyday communication of people. Russian Russian idioms and 250 Chinese idioms have been collected in a large number of Russian and Chinese dictionaries and treatises, which shows that Russian and Chinese idioms are a very typical language unit and deserve our attention. Many of these idioms have a deep cultural subtext, and if you do not understand the cultural subtext, it is impossible to understand the meaning of the idiom, for example: Valaam's ass, the priests of Themis, , , etc. Therefore, it is of great interest to conduct a comparative linguoculturological analysis of the Russian-Chinese idioms denoting the epithet. The structure of Russian-Chinese idioms is variable and usually consists of two to five words, for example: a shot sparrow (the old man of the world), a knight for an hour (a man of the moment, a moment of greatness), a wolf in sheep's clothing (a sinister and cunning hypocrite), a knight without fear and reproach (a man who sees justice, a man with high moral qualities). According to its grammatical structure, Russian idioms can be divided into idioms based on sentences and phraseological units based on phrases. Russian phraseological units denoting people are all phraseological units. Depending on the complexity of the structure, Russian idioms can be divided into simple and compound. In a simple phraseological idiom there is only one grammatical connection, and the grammatical connections that make up a simple phraseological idiom are mainly a connection of agreement and a connection of dominance, for example: an important bird. (people who have not been influenced by the city, people who have not fallen into urban habits), etc. There are also parallel connections, for example, Gog and magog (terrible people; powerful people), magician and wizard (people of great power), etc. In compound idioms, there are two or more grammatical associations, for example, a retired goat drummer (a person of unimportant, a person of modest status), the last spoke in the chariot (a person of unimportant), etc. The share of Russian idiomatic expressions with simple phrases is much greater than with compound phrases. The structure of Chinese idioms is more fixed and homogeneous, with a four-character pattern (97.2%), for example, "a righteous man, a giant with clay feet, a good teacher and friend, a high-ranking person." Liu Jiexiu notes that "almost 90% of Chinese idioms are four-character words, which is closely related to the rules of construction of Chinese vocabulary, rules of tone and traditional poetic form"^[2]. Chinese idioms denoting people mainly consist of positive and negative structures, for example, "rising star", "modest gentleman", "spirits and monsters", "golden girl", etc. As a linguistic unit, an idiom has two opposite aspects: structure (form) and semantics (content). Due to the commonality of human thinking and the similarity of objective realities that one has to face, Russian-Chinese idioms demonstrate consistency in their semantic characteristics. Ding Xin et al. note that "the lexical meaning of a word consists of a combination of conceptual meaning, constructive meaning and category meaning, and the idiomatic meaning is only the result of a combination of conceptual and categorical meanings. The conceptual meaning of an idiom is expressed in a comprehensive, general and indecomposable way by its constituent parts, and the categorical meaning of an idiom is usually expressed grammatically by the dominant constituent part"^[3]. In addition to conceptual and categorical meaning, Russian-Chinese idioms also have a pronounced evaluative meaning.

The conceptual meaning of the Russian-Chinese idiom is a person with certain characteristics. These characteristics include various aspects of appearance, personality, status, moral character, profession, and so on. Russian Russian-Chinese idioms related to a person's appearance, for example, an arshin with a hat (a short man), Kolomenskaya versta (a very tall man), an arshin with a hat (a handsome man), an arshin with a hat (a handsome man), etc. are listed below: (1) Russian-Chinese idioms related to a person's appearance, for example, an arshin with a hat (a short man), Kolomenskaya versta (a very tall man), an arshin with a hat (a handsome man), etc. (2) Russian and Chinese idioms that indicate a person's character, for example, a troubled head (a person who does not care about death, a person who is not afraid of the earth), a hot head (a sharp person, a cruel person), a modest person, a frivolous young man, etc.  Russian Russian-Chinese idioms denoting the status of a person, for example, a big hand (big man, strong man), a low-flying bird (small man), a dignitary, a merchant, etc. Russian-Chinese idioms denoting the professional characteristics of a person, for example, a dumb artist (hairdresser), pea coat (secret agent), pearl gardener, messenger in green, etc. In Russian, there are many idioms that have evaluative meaning, and the evaluative meaning is a component of the meaning of the idiom. The semantic nature of the idiom largely depends on the evaluation element" ^[4].The vast majority of Russian-Chinese idioms have a pronounced evaluative character in the sense that they, as a rule, indicate what a person is and what characteristics he has, and not who he is. For example: a white crow (the one who is different, another), a garden head (wooden head; maharaja), a walking encyclopedia (a living encyclopedia), an insatiable womb (a potter who cannot fill his stomach; an insatiable person), an idle, beautiful, herbal, two-legged bookcase, a beautiful woman, etc. and etc . On the one hand, idioms have always been an important rhetorical device, since they are characterized by high expressiveness and imagery of language expressions, and on the other hand, the idioms themselves were constructed using many rhetorical techniques. The discussion of rhetorical mechanisms in Russian-Chinese idioms will help us to better understand the internal mechanisms of the formation of idioms and the meaning of idioms. Due to the similarity of human thinking and cognition, the rhetorical mechanisms used to form Russian-Chinese idioms are probably the same.

Russian Russian idioms The reason for the different metaphorical meanings of the same ontology in Russian-Chinese idioms is that Chinese and Russian people, being influenced by different cultures, often focus on different features and aspects of things and extract different metaphors from them, thus forming different metaphors. Russian Russian idioms all use metaphors of animals, metaphors of plants and metaphors of objects to refer to people, which reflects the commonality of cognitive and thinking styles of the Russian and Chinese peoples. This difference is partly explained by the cultural background of the two countries, and partly by differences in how people perceive things under the influence of different cultural backgrounds, that is, differences in cognitive styles^[5].

Some Russian idioms denoting people come from historical allusions that serve as precedents for them. For example, the Kazan orphan (the one who pretends to be pathetic) is formed from the following precedent: the conquest of the Kazan Khanate by Ivan IV in 1552. The princes and nobles of the country tried to woo the Russian emperor, pretending to be pitiful and submissive in order to get forgiveness, and were called "Kazan outcasts". Other similar idioms include: Kolomenskaya versta (a very tall man), a free Cossack. The main sources of precedent phrases in Chinese idioms are: 1) Buddhist texts Buddhism is one of the three major religions of the world, having a long history and strong influence in China. Buddhist texts are an important source of precedent phrases in Chinese idioms. For example, the "king of mixed demons" is considered by Buddhists to be the ruler of the demon world, and after Buddhism was introduced in China, people called him the "king of mixed demons", which means "Later this word was used to mean "a person who brings serious disasters or causes great trouble to people"^[6]. In addition, in the Chinese language, there are other idioms denoting people: , , , etc^[7]. Most of the precedents in Chinese idioms come from historical allusions and historical figures, most of which are recorded in literature. For example, the phrase "friendship of Guan Bao" comes from the precedent of Guan Zhong and Bao Shu Ya, as recorded in the "Records of the great historian of the Western Han Dynasty" Sima Qian. The name "A Dou who couldn't Resist" comes from the precedent name "A Dou", which refers to Liu Bei's son during the Three Kingdoms period, who was not adventurous and played only for fun. This is how people describe a person who can never support his success. Other examples include the son-in-law of the Eastern Bede, the first man in the Winter Stove, and an army general defeated. Some of the idioms used to describe people in Chinese also came from ancient classical Chinese literature. For example, the phrase "a drop in the ocean" is taken from Su Shi's poem "The Former Fugue of the Red Cliff" of the Song Dynasty, which reads: "A drop in the ocean is a tiny drop in heaven and earth," and the phrase "a beautiful woman with two eights" is taken from his poem "The Subtitle on the Seat of Li Suzheng Jie." In the poem "The Flower on the seat of Li Lin Jie" the poet says: "A beautiful woman of twenty-eight years old is being carried on a beautiful horse, and ten thousand wines are being sung in Weicheng." "The phrase "the most beautiful woman in the world" is taken from Du Fu's work "The most Beautiful Woman in the World": "There is a beautiful woman in the world who lives in an empty valley." Russian Russian and Chinese idioms, historical allusions are an important source of precedent phrases in both Russian and Chinese idioms^[7]. Due to differences in religious beliefs, religious precedents in Russian idioms are mostly borrowed from the Christian Bible, while in Chinese idioms they are mostly borrowed from Buddhist texts. In addition, since Russia has always been influenced by foreign cultures, Russian idioms contain a significant number of precedents from foreign cultures, while Chinese idioms contain precedents mainly from Chinese culture. In conclusion, it should be noted that the structure of Russian idioms is changeable and diverse, usually consists of two to five words, and internal grammatical connections are mainly represented by unanimity and dominance. From the point of view of semantic features, Russian-Chinese idioms coincide in their conceptual, categorical and evaluative meanings^[8]. From the point of view of rhetorical mechanisms, the main rhetorical means used in Russian-Chinese idioms are metaphor, borrowing, pronoun, hyperbole and reverse metaphor. From a cultural point of view, Russian-Chinese idioms differ in terms of the use of metaphor, which is influenced by their respective cultural background^[9]. Russian Russian idioms are mostly based on religious texts such as the Bible, Russian and foreign classical literature, Russian folklore, ancient Greek and Roman myths and historical allusions, while Chinese idioms are mostly based on Buddhist texts, historical allusions and Chinese classical literature. In general, Russian-Chinese idioms are more common in terms of their internal language mechanisms, while they show more differences in terms of their linguistic shell and culture^[10]. Based on the results of the study, a number of conclusions can be formulated. The phraseological units of the two countries have certain similarities in typological features and differences on the basis of national characteristics and culture. In order to use phraseological units correctly, you need to understand the history, art, mentality of the country and the people. The novelty of the conducted research is due to the lack of scientific research in this industry. The results can find practical application in the study of the language and culture of the two countries.