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Arctic and Antarctica
Reference:

Monitoring of Seasonal Variations in Ground Temperature

Frolov Denis Maksimovich

Scientific Associate, Faculty of Geography, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University

119991, Russia, g. Moscow, ul. Leninskie Gory, 1, of. 1904B

denisfrolovm@mail.ru
Other publications by this author
 

 
Rzhanitsyn German Anatol'evich

Lecturer, Department of Cryolithology and Glaciology, Lomonosov Moscow State University

119991, Russia, Krupskoy 19 47, Leninskie Gory str., 1, of. C-01

german-r@mail.ru
Koshurnikov Andrei Viktorovich

PhD in Geology and Mineralogy

Leading Scientific Associate, Department of Geocryology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University

119234, Russia, Moscow, Leninskie Gory str., 1, office 205

koshurnikov@msu-geophysics.ru
Other publications by this author
 

 
Gagarin Vladimir Evgen'evich

PhD in Geology and Mineralogy

Scientific Associate, Department of Geocryology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University

119234, Russia, Moscow, Leninskie Gory str., 1, room C23

gagar88@yandex.ru
Other publications by this author
 

 

DOI:

10.7256/2453-8922.2022.4.39429.2

EDN:

LNECQT

Received:

17-12-2022


Published:

30-12-2022


Abstract: This paper considers the problem of monitoring seasonal changes in soil temperature in northern and mountainous areas in light of ongoing climate change. To study seasonal changes in soil temperature, the Moscow State University Meteorological Observatory was used as a model site with the ability to monitor air temperature, snow cover thickness, and ground freezing temperature and depth, which was a prototype of a system for monitoring the state of permafrost soils used in the Arctic and mountain territories. The paper presents the results of monitoring seasonal changes in soil temperature based on numerical modeling of the penetration of seasonal fluctuations in soil temperature in 2014–2017 in the MATLAB environment at the MSU Meteorological Observatory model site. The results of the numerical simulation of the penetration of seasonal temperature fluctuations in the ground at the MSU meteorological site in 2014–2017 in the MATLAB environment are in agreement with the thermometry data, and, therefore, the developed calculation scheme shows fairly good simulation results. This makes it possible to use the calculation scheme to assess the thermal state of frozen soils and assess the stability of foundations and buildings and linear structures located on them in the conditions of the north and mountainous territories. Therefore, the presented methodology can serve as a suitable method for monitoring and preventing the destruction of the studied structures in the conditions of climate warming.


Keywords:

monitoring, ground temperature, freezing depth, North regions, mountain regions, air temperature, permafrost, cryolithozone, numerical modeling, geophysical research

According to media reports (https://nia.eco/2022/11/28/52357/), the government supported the Ministry of Natural Resources’ bill for monitoring permafrost. As the head of the department, Alexander Kozlov, noted, the creation of a monitoring system is a national task, which President Vladimir Putin previously spoke about.

It was also said that background monitoring, on the creation of which scientists are already working, will be done based on the Roshydromet observation network. Experimental polygons have already been made at Cape Baranov and the Svalbard archipelago. 25-meter wells were drilled, and thermometric scythes were installed in them, data from which, via satellite channels, is continuously transmitted to the institute. According to the minister, there will be 140 such well stations in the monitoring system. The system will provide data on the degradation of permafrost soils. This will make it possible to develop adaptation measures for the relevant sectors in the economic and social spheres. Monitoring seasonal changes in soil temperature in mountainous regions is also very important in light of modern climatic changes [1–8].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the territory of the Moscow State University Meteorological Observatory, in order to study the influence of natural cover (primarily snow cover) on the distribution of the thermal field in the ground, observations are being made of air temperature, snow cover thickness, and soil freezing depth using exhaust thermometers and permafrost meters of the Danilin and Ratomsky systems on a bare site and under natural cover. The meteorological observatory staff has conducted observations since its foundation, of which the date of construction of Moscow State University's main building is about 1953. Recently, work has also been carried out to study the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the snow column, as well as modeling is being carried out to assess the effect of snow cover on the depth of soil freezing within the city of Moscow and the Moscow region [9–12]. In the autumn of 2021, a thermometric well of a depth of 18 meters with full core sampling was also passed at the meteorological site. There are plans to install a thermal mower with a logger in the well for monitoring and recording air temperature, snow cover, and soil at different depths. This system is a prototype for monitoring the state of permafrost soils used in the Arctic and mountainous areas.

When drilling a well, a soil sample was taken to control the soil temperature at the meteorological site of Lomonosov Moscow State University at a depth of 18 m. The soil sample was examined in the laboratory. The results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Well, 2021 at the MSU Meteorological Observatory

Depth, m

Diagnostics

0–0,24

Turf and humus horizon

0,24–0,37

humus horizon with technogenic along the lower boundary

0,37–0,52

Technogenic horizon

0,52–0,63

Technogenic horizon

0,62–0,83

Technogenic horizon

0,83–0,99

The same

1,08–1,34

The same

1,49–1,65

The same

2,13–2,23

Moscow Moraine

2,23

Moscow Moraine

2,4–2,61

Moscow Moraine

3,00–3,84

Breed, Moscow Dnieper, Moraine

6m

Breed, Dnieper moraine

7,91–8,03

Breed, Dnieper moraine

9,36–9,63

Paleosoil

9,98–10,13

Paleosoil

10,80

Breed, Dnieper moraine

11,92–12,04

Rock, Dnieper moraine, within the capillary border of the watered horizon

14,3

Breed, Dnieper moraine, watered

The core soil samples' thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity were determined along the entire sample length with a step of about 15–20 cm. The distribution of the measured values of thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of the soil over the depth of the sample is shown in the graphs in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Distribution of measured values of thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of soil by the core depth.

It can be seen that the upper two meters of sod, humus, and the manufactured layer are characterized by a rather low thermal conductivity of about 1.5 W/m K. The next moraine is the Moscow, rock, and Dnieper moraine which has a high thermal conductivity of about 2.5 W/m K. The next layer of paleosoil has a low thermal conductivity of 1.5-2 W/m K. Then follows the Dnieper moraine with a thermal conductivity of 2.5 W/m K.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The described data and meteorological data, such as air temperature and snow thickness, make it possible to calculate the penetration of a wave of seasonal temperature fluctuations in the ground with the Fourier equation using the effective heat capacity method. This method differs from the simplified scheme for calculating the depth of soil freezing for a meteorological site and also for the Caucasus and Tien Shan localities given in most of the author's recent works [9–18] in that the calculations there were based on the problem of thermal conductivity of a three-layer medium (snow, frozen and thawed soil) with a phase transition at the border of frozen and thawed soil. The heat balance equation included the energy of the phase transition, the inflow of heat from the thawed soil and outflow into the frozen soil and, in the presence of snow cover, into the atmosphere through it. The heat flow was calculated according to Fourier's law as the product of thermal conductivity and temperature gradient. It was assumed that the temperature in each medium varies linearly (for example, [19]). For snow cover and frozen ground, the formula of thermal conductivity of a two-layer medium was used. Figure 2 shows the penetration of a heat wave into the soil thickness under the influence of seasonal changes in air temperature calculated according to the full methodology and design scheme [20–23].

Fig. 2. Penetration of the wave of seasonal temperature fluctuations in the ground at the MSU meteorological site in 2014–2017.

The initial calculation data were the result of measuring the temperature of the soil surface. Calculations were carried out using an explicit difference scheme based on the finite difference method for the Fourier heat equation (in partial derivatives, second order). The sample cell was divided into i=1,n (=250) parts. A rectangular grid was created for the calculation area, and the equation obtained based on the difference approximation was written on the calculation grid according to an explicit calculation pattern. The time step was selected, and the values were calculated on a new time layer using the boundary conditions of zero flow at the lower boundary and setting the measured temperature at the upper boundary of the computational domain.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the results of the numerical simulation of the penetration of a wave of seasonal temperature fluctuations in the ground at the MSU meteorological site in 2014–2017 in the MATLAB environment considered in the paper are consistent with thermometry data and, consequently, the developed calculation scheme shows fairly good simulation results. This makes it possible to use the calculation scheme to assess the thermal state of frozen soils and assess the stability of foundations and buildings and linear structures located on them in the conditions of the north and mountainous territories. Therefore, the presented methodology can serve as a good aid for monitoring and preventing the destruction of the studied structures in the conditions of climate warming during the development of the northern territories and maintaining these facilities in proper condition.

The work was carried out in accordance with the state budget theme "Danger and risk of natural processes and phenomena" (121051300175-4) and "Evolution of the cryosphere under climate change and anthropogenic impact" (121051100164-0).

References
1. Brown, J. (1994). Permafrost and climate change: The IPA report to the IPCC. Frozen Ground, 15, pp. 16–26
2. Marchenko, S. (2001). Distribution modeling of alpine permafrost in the arid mountains (a GIS approach). In Extended Abstracts: International Symposium on Mountain and Arid Land Permafrost. Ulaanbaatar: Urlah Erdem Publishing. pp. 43–47
3. Wang, X., Ran, Y. & Pang, G. et al. (2022). Contrasting characteristics, changes, and linkages of permafrost between the Arctic and the Third Pole. Earth-Science Reviews, 230(104042). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104042.
4. Kanevskiy, M., Shur, Y. & Walker, D. A. et al. (2021). The shifting mosaic of ice-wedge degradation and stabilization in response to infrastructure and climate change, Prudhoe Bay Oilfield, Alaska, USA. Arctic Science, 8(2), pp. 498–530. https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2021-0024
5. Xu, X. & Wu, Q. (2021). Active layer thickness variation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Historical and projected trends. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2021JD034841. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034841
6. Jan, A. & Painter, S. L. (2020). Permafrost thermal conditions are sensitive to shifts in snow timing. Environmental Research Letters, 15, 084026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8ec4
7. Cao, B., Gruber, S. & Zheng D. (2020). The ERA5-Land soil temperature bias in permafrost regions. The Cryosphere, 14, pp. 2581–2595. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2581-2020.
8. Zheltenkova, N. V., Gagarin, V. E. & Koshurnikov, A. V., et al. (2020). Regime geocryological observations on the high mountain passes of the Tien Shan. Arctic and Antarctic, 3, pp. 25–43. https://doi.org/10.7256/2453-8922.2020.3.33535 https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=33535
9. Frolov, D. M. (2019). Calculations of ground freezing depth under bare and covered with snow cover ground surface for the site of the meteorological observatory of Lomonosov Moscow State University for winter periods of 2011/12–2017/18. Environmental Dynamics and Global Climate Change, (10)2, pp. 86–90. https://doi.org/10.17816/edgcc21203
10. Frolov, D. M. (2021). Impact of snow cover and air temperature on ground freezing depth and stability in a mountain area. Environmental Dynamics and Global Climate Change, 12(1), pp. 43–46. https://doi.org/10.17816/edgcc21205
11. Frolov, D. M. (2020). Winter regime of temperature and snow accumulation as a factor of ground freezing depth variations. E3S Web of Conferences, 163(01005), pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016301005
12. Frolov, D. M. (2020). The role of snow cover in changes in the depth of soil freezing in the Moscow and Kaluga regions. The fourth Vinogradov readings: Hydrology from cognition to worldview. Collection of reports of the international scientific conference in memory of the outstanding Russian scientist Yuri Borisovich Vinogradov. St. Petersburg. pp. 827–831.
13. Frolov, D. M., Koshurnikov, A. V. & Gagarin, V. E. et al. (2021). Observations and calculations of the depth of soil freezing at the Anzob Pass (Tajikistan). Dynamics and interaction of geospheres of the Earth: Materials of the All-Russian conference with international participation dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the training of specialists in the field of Earth sciences at Tomsk State University in three volumes [Vol. 2]. Publishing House of the Tomsk Central Research Institute: Tomsk. pp. 81–83
14. Frolov, D. M., Koshurnikov, A. V., & Gagarin, V. E. et al. (2020). Application of the calculating scheme for rock freezing depth during geotechnical monitoring on the Anzob Pass (Tajikistan). Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1045(1), p. 012094. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1045/1/012094
15. Frolov, D. M. (2021). Calculating scheme for ground freezing depth variations and its application in different landscapes. Bulletin of Karaganda University. Series: Biology, Medicine, Geography, 4(104), pp. 166–171. https://doi.org/10.31489/2021BMG4/166-171
16. Frolov, D. M. (2021). Calculation scheme of ground freezing depth in Terskol. Bulletin of Eurasian National University. Mathematics series. Computer science. Mechanics, 135(2), pp. 7–13. https://doi.org/10.32523/2616-7263-2021-135-2-7-13
17. Frolov, D. M., Koshurnikov A.V., & Gagarin V.E., et al. (2022). The study of the cryosphere of the Zeravshan and Hissar ranges (Tien Shan). Arctic and Antarctic, 4, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.7256/2453-8922.2022.4.39279
18. Frolov, D. M., Rzhanitsyn G. A., & Sokratov S. A., et al. (2022). Geotechnical monitoring of snow cover on glaciers of Elbrus (Caucasus). Geophysics, 3, pp. 70–75
19. DeGaetano, A. T., Cameron M. D. & Wilks D. S. (2001). Physical simulation of maximum seasonal soil freezing depth in the United States using routine weather observation. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 40(3), pp. 546–555
20. Fundamentals of permafrost forecasting in engineering and geological studies. (1974). Ed. V. A. Kudryavtsev. Publishing House of Moscow State University. p. 431.
21. Samarskiy, A. A. & Gulin, A. V. (1989). Numerical methods. M.: Nauka. p. 432.
22. Tikhonov, A. N. & Samarskiy, A. A. (1999). Equations of mathematical physics. p. 800.
23. Frolov, D. M., Rzhanitsyn G. A. & Sokratov S. A. et al. (2022). Laboratory experiments on unilateral freezing of sand samples. Processes in Geomedia, 34(4), pp. 1888–1891

First Peer Review

Peer reviewers' evaluations remain confidential and are not disclosed to the public. Only external reviews, authorized for publication by the article's author(s), are made public. Typically, these final reviews are conducted after the manuscript's revision. Adhering to our double-blind review policy, the reviewer's identity is kept confidential.
The list of publisher reviewers can be found here.

The article is informative in nature and describes the field studies of the MSU laboratory to study the effect of natural cover (primarily snow cover) on the distribution of the thermal field in the ground. And, also, software for the study of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the snow column. A simulation is performed to assess the effect of snow cover on the depth of soil freezing within the city of Moscow and the Moscow region. The author(s) substantiate the relevance of the research with the draft law of the Ministry of Natural Resources on monitoring permafrost, which, according to high-ranking officials, is a national task. And a guide to action for permafrost scientists working in the field of geothermy, including cryolithozones. The subject of the research was the data obtained during drilling of a thermometric well with a depth of 18 meters with complete core sampling. The data on the thermophysical properties of rocks (soils) lying at different depths are presented. The data of mathematical modeling "penetration of a heat wave into the soil thickness under the influence of seasonal changes in air temperature" are presented. At the same time, in the title of Fig.2, the phrase "Penetration of seasonal fluctuations ..." should be replaced by "Change in seasonal fluctuations ..." Vibrations cannot penetrate. The wave can. In addition, the author has not performed a comparison of experimental and calculated data. But, nevertheless, an unsubstantiated conclusion was made: "Thus, the results of numerical modeling of the penetration of seasonal temperature fluctuations in the ground at the Moscow State University meteorological site in 2014-2017 in MATLAB are in good agreement with thermometry data and, therefore, the developed calculation scheme shows fairly good modeling results. This makes it possible to use the calculation scheme to assess the thermal condition of frozen soils and assess the stability of foundations and buildings and linear structures located on them in the conditions of the North and mountainous territories. Therefore, the presented methodology can serve as a good tool for monitoring and preventing the destruction of the studied structures in conditions of climate warming." In all likelihood, several paragraphs in the article justifying this important conclusion were simply omitted "through the fault of the printing house." Other disadvantages of the work, which do not allow it to be recommended for publication in its presented form, are the complete absence of references to the cited bibliographic sources in the text of the article. There are also no conclusions (conclusion) based on the results of the research presented in the article. There are also some typos. For example, the dimension of thermal resistance (m2K/W), and in Fig.1 it is indicated (K/W). It was necessary to describe more fully the calculation program, which was developed by the author, and its difference from many existing ones. A simple reference of the form "this allows us to calculate the penetration of a wave of seasonal temperature changes in the soil using the Fourier equation" is clearly insufficient. If the author takes into account the phase changes of moisture during freezing-thawing of rocks of the active layer, then these are not only Fourier's equations, but also Stefan's. If phase transitions are taken into account only by using the effective heat capacity in the Fourier equation, then this should also be indicated. The article needs to be finalized according to the semantic and formal criteria required for scientific publications in the journal "Arctic and Antarctic". The reviewer's opinion is private and does not necessarily coincide with the opinion of the editorial board. The author has the right to request that the article be sent for review to another specialist.

Second Peer Review

Peer reviewers' evaluations remain confidential and are not disclosed to the public. Only external reviews, authorized for publication by the article's author(s), are made public. Typically, these final reviews are conducted after the manuscript's revision. Adhering to our double-blind review policy, the reviewer's identity is kept confidential.
The list of publisher reviewers can be found here.

The subject of the research in the reviewed material is seasonal changes in ground temperature, considered in the context of their impact on the stability of foundations of buildings and structures in the conditions of the Russian North. The research methodology is based on the processing of data obtained as a result of drilling a well to control soil temperature at the meteorological site of Lomonosov Moscow State University with a depth of 18 m, sampling of soil, their studies in the laboratory and processing of the data obtained. The author of the article rightly associates the relevance of the work with the need to monitor permafrost on the basis of continuous data transmission from well stations in permafrost soils via satellite channels and their subsequent processing in order to develop adaptation measures for the relevant sectors of the economic and social spheres of the northern territories of our country. The scientific novelty of the reviewed study, according to the reviewer, lies in the conclusions about the possibility of using the proposed calculation scheme to assess the thermal state of frozen soils and assess the stability of foundations and buildings and linear structures located on them in the conditions of the North and mountainous territories. The practical significance of the results of the work lies in the possibility of their application to prevent the destruction of the studied structures in conditions of climate warming. The following sections are structurally highlighted in the article: introduction, materials and methods, results and discussion, bibliography. The author presents the results of diagnostics of soil from a well at the Meteorological Observatory of Moscow State University at various depths, plots the distribution of measured values of thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity of soil along the core depth, demonstrates the penetration of a heat wave into the soil thickness under the influence of seasonal changes in air temperature, calculated according to the methodology and calculation scheme developed by the author. The bibliographic list includes 20 sources – publications of foreign and domestic scientists on the topic of the article, normative materials, as well as online resources. Some comments should be made on the design of the article. Firstly, it is unclear why the article does not end with conclusions or conclusions highlighted in a separate section – without this, the study looks incomplete. Secondly, the article mentions the author's methodology and calculation scheme, on the basis of which calculations of the penetration of a heat wave into the soil thickness under the influence of seasonal changes in air temperature are carried out, however, there is no detailed description or unambiguous reference to the relevant developments. Thirdly, the publication does not contain references to the literary sources listed in the "Bibliography" section, and in some cases the text contains descriptions of sources that are placed at the end of the article, such duplication seems unnecessary, it is necessary to issue links in accordance with the rules adopted in the journal. The reviewed material corresponds to the direction of the journal "Arctic and Antarctic", has been prepared on an urgent topic, reflects the results of the research, the article may be of interest to readers, but needs to be finalized in accordance with the comments made.

Third Peer Review

Peer reviewers' evaluations remain confidential and are not disclosed to the public. Only external reviews, authorized for publication by the article's author(s), are made public. Typically, these final reviews are conducted after the manuscript's revision. Adhering to our double-blind review policy, the reviewer's identity is kept confidential.
The list of publisher reviewers can be found here.

The subject of the study is the development of a methodology for modeling the penetration of a wave of seasonal temperature fluctuations in permafrost soil. The research methodology is based on a combination of theoretical and empirical approaches using methods of analysis, generalization, comparison, synthesis. The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of the socio-economic development of the northern regions, as well as the need to develop measures to adapt to global climate change in the permafrost zone. The scientific novelty is associated with the empirical data obtained by the author, as well as the developed calculation scheme for determining the penetration of a wave of seasonal temperature fluctuations in the soil, which can be used to assess the thermal state of frozen soils and assess the stability of foundations and buildings and linear structures located on them in the conditions of the North and mountainous territories. The article is written in Russian literary language. The style of presentation is scientific. The structure of the manuscript includes the following sections: Introduction (creation of a permafrost monitoring system based on the Roshydromet observation network, experimental ranges at Cape Baranova and the Svalbard Archipelago, data on the degradation of permafrost soils, monitoring of seasonal changes in soil temperature in mountainous regions), Materials and methods (observations on the territory of the Lomonosov Moscow State University Meteorological Observatory on the bare at the site and under natural cover, a thermometric well with a depth of 18 m with full core sampling is a prototype of a system for monitoring the state of permafrost soils used in the Arctic and for mountainous areas, the results of a soil sample study, the distribution of thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity of soil over the depth of the sample), Results and discussion (calculation of the penetration of a wave of seasonal temperature fluctuations in the soil according to the Fourier equation using the method of effective heat capacity, frozen soil and in the presence of snow cover through it into the atmosphere, the formula of thermal conductivity of a two-layer medium for snow cover and frozen soil, the results of calculating the penetration of a heat wave into the soil thickness under the influence of seasonal changes in air temperature), Conclusion (conclusions), Bibliography. The text includes one table and two figures. The name of Table 1 (including the column “Diagnostics”) should be specified (for example, “Well characteristics ...”, “Diagnostic results ...”, etc.). The images in Figure 1 (data on the distribution of measured values of thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity) should preferably be indicated by letters (a, b, c, respectively). For Figures 1, 2, the dimension (m) must be specified on the vertical axis, and for Figure 2, the depth values must also be specified. The content generally corresponds to the title. At the same time, the wording of the title is more suitable for a monograph than for a separate article. In this regard, the subject of the study should be specified in the title of the article (see above). The bibliography includes 20 sources of domestic and foreign authors – scientific articles, materials of scientific events, etc. Bibliographic descriptions of some sources require adjustments in accordance with GOST and editorial requirements, for example: 4. Kanevskiy M., Shur Y., Walker D.A., Jorgenson T., Raynolds M. K., Peirce J. L., Jones B. M., Buchhorn M., Matyshak G., Bergstedt H., Breen A. L., Connor B., Daanen R., Liljedahl A., Romanovsky V. E., Watson-Cook E. The shifting mosaic of ice-wedge degradation and stabilization in response to infrastructure and climate change, Prudhoe Bay Oilfield, Alaska, USA // Arctic Science. Vol. 8. ¹ 2. P. 498–530. 7. Cao B., Gruber S., Zheng D. The ERA5-Land soil temperature bias in permafrost regions // The Cryosphere. 2020. Vol. 14. P. 2581-2595. 9. Frolov D. M., Koshurnikov A.V., Gagarin V. E., Dodoboev E. I. Observations and calculations of the depth of soil freezing at the Anzob pass (Tajikistan) // Dynamics and interaction of the Earth's geospheres. Materials of the All-Russian conference with international participation dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the training of specialists in the field of Earth sciences at Tomsk State University : in 3 volumes. Tomsk : Publishing House of the Tomsk Central Research Institute , 2021. Vol. 2. pp. 81-83. 12. Frolov D. M. Impact of snow cover and air temperature on ground freezing depth and stability in mountain area // Environmental dynamics and global climate change. 2021. Vol. 12. ¹. 1. P. 43–46. Excessive self-citation is possible (Frolov D. M. and co-authors). For links [Frolov, ...], [Frolov, ...], you need to specify the year of publication. Appeal to opponents (Zheltenkova N. V., Gagarin V. E., Koshurnikov A.V., Nabiev I. A., Frolov D. M., Koshurnikov A.V., Dodoboev E. I., Brown J., Marchenko S., Wang X., Ran Y., Pang G., Chen D., Su B., Chen R., Li X., Chen H. W., Yang M., Gu X., Jorgenson M. T., Aalto J., Li R., Peng X., Wu T., Clow G. D., Wan G., Wu X., Luo D., Kanevsky M., Shur Y., Walker D. A., Jorgenson T., Raynolds M. K., Peirce J. L., Jones B. M., Buchhorn M., Matyshak G., Bergstedt H., Breen A. L., Connor B., Daanen R., Liljedahl A., Romanovsky V. E., Watson-Cook E., Xu X., Wu Q., Jan A., Painter S. L., Cao B., Gruber S., Zheng D., DeGaetano A. T., Cameron M. D., Wilks D. S., etc.) takes place. In general, the material is of interest to the readership and can be published in the journal "Arctic and Antarctic".