Abstract: The goal of this article lies in the analysis of migration policy of the EU member and candidate states, including with regards to transit migrants. The authors examine such aspects of the topic as the advancement of NATO and European Neighborhood Policy, highlighting the factors of securitization of definition of the key characteristics of transit countries. An assessment is conducted of the EU policy and separate transit countries pertinent to migrants from European and Asian countries, on the example of Greece and illegal transit migrants. The materials for this research contain the official documents of EU member states, mass media publications and scientific works in the area of international migrations, Eurostat statistical data, UNHCR and European Commission (2010-2016). A conclusion is made that transit countries deal with a large migration flow; some of the transit countries play a role of a “buffer zone”, form regional transit migration flows. The changes in national migration policy can serve as the foundation for emergence of the new transit migration flows already of international level. The authors suggest dividing transit migrants into two groups: the first one – labor and other migrants; the second one – refugees. The latter are prone to continuous migration, while labor migrants seek multiple ways leading to the European Union, and look for better opportunities. Prolonged stay of migrants in transit countries can be a result of the intended acts of the governments, increasingly concerned about the fact that transit migration undermines the relations with neighboring countries, which are a desirable destination for migrants.  

Abstract: The subject of this article is the examination of risk factors of the social exclusion of elderly population of the Russian Federation based on the integral estimation of the index components of social exclusion. The authors suggest the model for assessing the factors of social exclusion of the elderly people considering the economic-structural and sociocultural aspects. The article offers and tests the specific indicators of evaluation of the social exclusion of elderly people leaning on the assessment of socio-economic (financial) deprivation, deprivation of social rights (access to social institutions and services), deprivation of security, deprivation of social engagement, cultural (normative) disintegration and social autism. The authors highlight a number of micro-level risk factors of exclusion, a part of which is nonadjustable, while another part is adjustable. The nonadjustable (independent) risk factors of social exclusion contain: gender; age (for females above 55, for males above 60); single living; status (working/non-working retiree); size of pension; marital status; religion; independent living skills; type of settlement (city/village). The adjustable (dependent) risk factors contain: physical activity; health condition; absence owned property; low level of education; coping-strategies; evaluation of financial status; unadapted after retirement.  The estimation of exclusion of the elderly population in three regions of the Russian Federation was conducted based on the results of sociological survey, which took place in Altai Krai, Zabaykalsky Krai, and Kemerovo Oblast in 2016, and involved 779 respondents in the above 55 (female) and 60 (male). Conclusion is made that the status of being socially excluded does not imply experiencing deprivation in all aspects of exclusion; the loss of physical abilities, health and mobility restrictions do increase the risk of social exclusion; practically each of the examines risk factors by increasing the contribution of some components of the overall social exclusion, inevitably reduces the contribution of other components of the exclusion.

Abstract: The subject of this article is the examination of risk factors of social exclusion of the older population in the Russian Federation based on the integral assessment of indexes of the components of social exclusion. The author suggest the model for assessing the factors of social exclusion of the elderly that is developed with consideration of the fact that social exclusion is a multidimensional phenomenon, which reflects the economic structural, and sociocultural aspects. The work puts forward and tests the specific indicators of assessment of the social exclusion of the elders that is based on estimation of the socio-economic (material) deprivation, deprivation of social rights (access to social institutions and services), deprivation of safety (safe environment), deprivation of social inclusion, cultural (normative) disintegration, and social autism. The authors highlight a number of the micro-level risk factors of exclusion, which a partially unmanageable, and partially manageable. The unmanageable (independent) risk factors of social exclusion imply: age (above 55 for women, and above 60 for men); solitary living; status (working/non-working pensioner); scale of pension; marital status; religion; ability to live independently; years of pensionable service; type of settlement (town/rural area). The manageable (dependent) risk factors imply: mobility; state of health; absence of privately-owned dwelling; low level of education; coping strategies; estimation of financial situation; lack of adaptation retirement. The assessment of social exclusion of the senior citizens in three regions of the Russian Federation (Altai Krai, Zabaykalsky Krai, and Kemerovo Oblast) was conducted using the results of sociological survey of 2016, with participation of 779 respondents in the age of 55 (female) and 60 (male). The main conclusion consists in the following statements: 1) being socially excluded does not imply experiencing deprivation in all aspects of exclusion, but rather its separate spheres; 2) disablement, restrictions in health and mobility definitely increase the risk of social exclusion; 3) each of the examined risk factors, by increasing the share of some components of social exclusion, inevitably decrease the share of others components of exclusion.