Kalmyk meteorological vocabulary of the off-season in comparison with closely related languages

Barinova Bairta Valer'evna ORCID: 0000-0003-4158-3786 Senior Lecturer; Department of Kalmyk Language, Mongolian and Altaic Studies; Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov 7 A.S. Pushkin str., Elista, Republic of Kalmykia, 358000, Russia bbarinova@yandex.ru Other publications by this author     Kharchevnikova Roza Pyurvenovna ORCID: 0000-0002-5231-9238 Doctor of Philology Professor, Department of Kalmyk Language, Mongolian and Altaic Studies, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov" 7 A.S. Pushkin str., Elista, Republic of Kalmykia, 358000, Russia kharchevnikova-rp@yandex.ru Pyurbeev Grigorii Tserenovich Doctor of Philology Professor, Department of Kalmyk Language, Mongolian and Altaic Studies, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov" 7 A.S. Pushkin str., Elista, Republic of Kalmykia, 358000, Russia pyurbeev@yandex.ru Bitkeev Petr Tsedenovich Doctor of Philology Professor, Department of Kalmyk Language, Mongolian and Altaic Studies, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov" 7 A.S. Pushkin str., Elista, Republic of Kalmykia, 358000, Russia bipetr37@yandex.ru

Monraev Mikhail Ubushaevich ORCID: 0000-0001-5219-233X Doctor of Philology Professor, Department of Kalmyk Language, Mongolian and Altaic Studies, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov" 7 A.S. Pushkin str., Elista, Republic of Kalmykia, 358000, Russia mihailmonraev@yandex.ru

Meteorological vocabulary is one of the interesting little-studied topics of the modern Kalmyk language and is of interest to linguists, folklorists, and ethnologists.

This vocabulary is distinguished by its ancient origin and relative stability over many centuries, as well as sufficient representativeness in lexicographic sources. The study of lexical units associated with the designation of natural phenomena allows us to explore the peculiarities of the linguistic picture of the world, folk thinking.

Recently, in the study of names of natural phenomena, there has been a tendency to determine the role of meteorological names in the system of people's views on the world around them.

There are no special works on the study of the vocabulary of this topic in the Kalmyk language, but some components of meteorological vocabulary are considered in separate articles, in some sections of scientific papers ^{[1, 2]}.

G.C. Purbeev in his monograph "The Epic of Dzhangar: culture and language" identifies three groups of natural phenomena found in the "Dzhangar": atmospheric precipitation (hur "rain", tsasn "snow", mnd "hail", hur tsasni toos "dust storm with rain and snow", bur-bur gidg hur "slightly drizzling rain", bilgin har hur "magical, healing rain"); weather conditions (ass "inclement weather, bad weather", Ha? "heat", ha?du "drought", shirmin ik halun "sizzling heat, unbearable heat", serun "coolness, freshness", weekn "fog", manrh "to be covered with fog", zachma kiitn salkn "cross cold wind", etc.); celestial phenomena (a?h "lightning, thunder", luuhin dong "thunder" (literally the voice of the dragon), sol?h "rainbow") ^{[2, p. 35]}.

In E.P. Bakayeva's monograph "Pre-Buddhist beliefs of the Kalmyks", the author describes the ancient ritual of causing rain, which examines such natural phenomena as the ass "bad weather", the ass cholun "special stone for causing rain", the ass "rainmaker" ^{[1, pp. 76-78]}.

The off–season is a period of time that falls at the end of one season and the beginning of another. During the off-season, the weather can be unstable and changeable. The peculiarity of the off-season is that the weather can change quickly and unpredictably. It can be sunny and warm, windy and cold during the same day.

In this article, we consider some words and phrases in the Kalmyk language that characterize the weather in the off-season, namely the vocabulary of the intermediate period between autumn and winter. Russian Russian Dictionary" ^[3], "Kalmyk Dictionary" by G. I. Ramstedt ^[4], "Kalmyk-Russian Dictionary" by A. Pozdneev ^[5], Dictionary of the Oirat language of Xinjiang by B.H. Todaeva ^[6], Etymological Dictionary of Mongolian languages ^{[7, 8, 9]}, Comparative historical grammar of the Turkic languages. Vocabulary ^[11], Lessing's "Mongolian-English Dictionary" ^[10].

A special feature of the autumn-winter off-season is the change in the weather towards cooling, expressed in the lexeme kalm. serigyn "coolness, freshness//cool, fresh" ^{[3, p. 451]}, Mong. serigyn "cool, fresh" ^{[11, p. 703]}. stp.-kalm. ser ? n, sir ? n "cool" ^{[4, p. 326]}, seriun "cool, cool, fresh" ^{[5, p. 152]}.

In the Etymological Dictionary of the Mongolian Languages of letters.-Mong. serig?n(seri-g?n) khalkh. seruun, the drill. Haryoun, dagh. sir?n has the meaning "fresh, cool, not hot (about the air in the hot season)". In manch. ser?ken"a little cold, cool, fresh"; serguwen "a little cold, cool, fresh"; kirg. seruun"cool, refreshing" ^{[9, p. 103]}.

In the "Comparative historical grammar of the Turkic languages. Vocabulary" this word in the meaning of "cool" is reflected in almost all Turkic languages. For example, Wed.-kypch. s erovun, turk., gag. serin, az. sarin; turk. serin, sergin; kbalk. s eriwiin; uig. siiriin; hack. soron; tuv., toph. seri:n; yak. seri.n, soriin ^{[10, p. 16]}.

In the Kalmyk language, the form serukn is also used, a diminutive of serun meaning "pretty cool". For example, Haza zovar serukn baena "it's cool outside". In the dictionary of B.H. Todaeva, the word seruun (seruun) has the meaning 1. "coolness, freshness". For example, seruun orhiigi kulahe wait until it gets cool"; 2. cool, fresh; cool, fresh; For example, naemen sarda kurvel uulda seruun bolnaa when August comes, it gets cool in the mountains ^{[6, pp. 222-223]}. There are also such forms as seruuken (seruuken) reduction. from seruun "it's pretty cool, it's pretty fresh"; herte zo'er seruuken "it's pretty cool in the house"; seruuver (seruubter) is pretty cool; seruuver oder bolha badelta "it looks like it's going to be a cool day" ^{[6, p. 222]}.

In the modern Kalmyk language, the serun lexeme can be used as a substantive and as an adjectivate. The adjective serun "cool" forms phrases with nouns: serun salkn "cool wind", serun edr "cool day", serun namr "cool autumn", serun havr "cool spring", serun orun "cool morning", serun ashn "cool evening", serun ahar "cool air", serun khur "cool rain", serun tsag "cool time".

The noun serun "coolness" is used with verbs such as irh, orh, tath. For example, serun orv "coolness has come", Kalmyks usually use this phraseological unit during the end of the hot summer, in early autumn, when coolness is just beginning and is felt in the cool wind and cool evenings.

The phrase serun irv "coolness has come" shows the onset of complete coolness, the interval between the beginning of the onset of coolness and the process of completing the onset of coolness. 

In the Kalmyk language, such stable combinations as seru tath "to get cold", serun tatv "it got cold", seru tatchkv "it got cold" began to be used less and less often. The phraseology seru tath conveys the meaning not only of the onset of coolness, but specifically the process of completing the onset of complete coolness. This phraseological unit is usually used by Kalmyks in the autumn-winter off-season after the onset of complete coolness, and means that there will be no heat anymore. For example, seru Tatu yovna is "getting cold"; namrin turun sard seru tatsn biyn, sanamr baedg ulsin gemar teegin ovsn shatad baena "despite the fact that it got colder in the first autumn month, the steppe grass is burning due to the fault of careless people."

From the noun serun "coolness" the verbs serutrh "become cool" and serutsh "refresh, cool down; ventilate" are formed.

Gray is used to indicate the onset of cool weather. For example, haza serutryan "it's getting colder outside." Serutsk can also be used in the figurative meaning of "to air out", i.e. to take a walk. For example, Bi harad, nevchk serutsev "I'll go out and get some air."

The serun lexeme is also found in Kalmyk proverbs: Sed? kun serund, ?ora morn havrt "the dandy likes to flaunt in the cool, and the pacer horse likes to frolic in the spring."

The weekday lexeme "fog, mist" also refers to the meteorological phenomenon of the weather in the off-season. The etymological dictionary of the Mongolian languages contains forms of letters.- Mong. b udang[*buda-ng], khalkh., bur. budan(g), kalm. budn "fog, mist" ^{[7, p. 107]}; mong. budang "fog" ^{[11, p. 129]}, stp.-kalm. budung "fog; gloomy, gloomy; stupid" ^{[5, p. 134]}; Bud? "fog" ^{[4, p. 57]}. In the dictionary of B.H. Todaeva, the word budan (budun) has the meaning 1. "fog, mist"; budan talraad hazaa chilger bolva "the fog has cleared, it became clear on the street"; budantaa onder uula "a high mountain covered with fog"; and 2. peren. "gloom, twilight; gloomy"; zurken budan-kuden bolkha "his soul became gloomy" ^{[6, p. 78]}.In the modern Kalmyk language, "fog, mist" is translated as budn, and Bud? has the meaning "obscure, gloomy, darkened" ^{[3, p. 116]}. In the "Comparative historical grammar of the Turkic languages. Vocabulary" this word in the meaning of "fog" has a lexical parallel in the Yakut language budan ~ bydan ^{[10, p. 35]}.

In the Kalmyk language, there are such definitions characterizing the weekday "fog": nigt Weekday "thick fog", otkn Weekday "thick fog". The Kalmyks quite often use the phrase cahan budn "letters. white fog", i.e. thick fog. For example, nigt cahan budn "thick white fog", onkn cahan budn "thick, white fog", onkn nigt budn "white thick fog" (Onkn cahan budn tunad orksn, ar medg-ulg salkta, zvar zekun // The thick white fog has dispersed, an imperceptible quiet breeze, it is quite cold). The Kalmyks compared the gloomy, very thick fog with milk usn ong tsakhan, nigt budn "white, thick fog like milk" (Edrt narna girl uvlin sarmudt korch odsn hazrig saanar Duladul devtahad baav, tegad orund hazras usn ong tsakhan, nigt budn tasr? ?ããã áèë áèë áèë áèë áèë áèë//In the winter months, the sun's rays warmed and melted the frozen ground, and therefore a thick white fog rose in the morning, like milk).

In the modern Kalmyk language, the weekday lexeme is used with such verbs as deegshlh "to rise up", talrh "to disperse", buh "to descend, go down, go down", halhrh "to ripple", bah "to envelop". For example, the weekday deegshlv "the fog has risen"; the weekday talrana "the fog is dissipating", the weekday buuana "the fog is descending", the weekday ba?ana "to be enveloped in fog, covered with mist". In the modern Kalmyk language, a stable combination of the weekday halhrn "the fog is dissipating" is also used. The main meaning of the verb khalkh is "to sway, to ripple" ^{[3, p. 569]}. In combination with the word Weekday, it acquires the meaning of fog with gaps, i.e. fog that dissipates in places. For example, ora deegyrn orun bolkhn on weekdays, "every morning a thick fog, touching the tops, dissipates."

From the noun budn, such parts of speech are formed as the verb bud?rx "to fog, to get cloudy, to darken", the adjective budta "foggy". For example, budta odr "foggy day", budta orun "foggy morning", budta haalh "foggy road".

The following paired words are formed with the word Budn: budn Ca? "chaos", budn anda "confusion".

Kalmyks have different beliefs associated with the word "fog". It is believed that budn buuhla, dulan bolh "if the fog descends, then to the heat", budn dorahur buuhla, dulan boldg "if the fog creeps along the bottom, then it will be warm", budn buuhla, chiigta yumnorh "if the fog descends, then it will rain".

The little-used word mann "fog" is also found in the Kalmyk language. This word is fixed in the Mong. yaz. manang (manan) "fog" ^{[11, p. 525]}; letters.-mong. m anan (~ manang) khalkh., bur., dagh. manan, mngr. naman "fog" ma^{[8, p. 159); stp.-kalm. manag "foggy, fog" [4, p. 256]}. This word is widely represented in the Turkic languages: bask. dial. munar "dry fog harmful to vegetation", nog. munar "haze, haze", kaz. munar "haze, mirage, whitishness of the air", kirg. munar "light haze, cloudy whiteness of the air, haze, whitish haze"; munar "to be covered with a light haze" manijar"fog, steam, mist" ^{[11, p. 528]}, kalm. manr "foggy, opaque", manrx "to cloud, twitch with mist", bur. manar "nebula". The Turk munar probably dates back to *m a n a:r. The a > and in the first syllable could also be influenced by the Mongolian synonyms unar, tunar (see Ram.KWb) ^{[10, c. 35-36]}.

After the onset of coolness, the rainy season and fogs, it is time for the first frosts. The ground is covered with frost and frost.  The vocabulary related to this period also applies to the off-season.

Kalm. kiru "frost", letter.-Mongol kagawi[?*q?rayyu], khalkh. hyaruu, the drill. huruu "rime", Turk.: other-Turk. q?rayu "frost, frost" ^{[8, p. 128]}, mong. kirayu(n) (hyaruu) "frost" ^{[11, p. 470]}, stp.-kalm. kir? "frost, frozen dew" ^{[4, p. 233]}.

In the "Comparative historical grammar of the Turkic languages. Vocabulary" the word qyra ? u in the meaning of "frost" is represented in many Turkic languages. For example: Krh.-uig. qyra ? u, cf.-kypch. qyrav, east.- the Turk. qira ? u; tour. kyra(?)y, az. qyrow; turk. qyraw ^{[10, p. 36]}.

In the dictionary of B.H. Todaeva, the word kiryu (kiryu) has the meaning "frost" ^{[6, p. 200]}. For example, hazarta kiryu buva "the earth was covered with frost"; omseni tolhaada zogsogsan mangen tsakhaan kiryu "silvery-white frost settled on the heads of herbs".

Related natural phenomena frost and frost manifest themselves in different ways. Frost appears on wires, vertical or inclined branches of bushes and trees. Frost does not form on thin surfaces, branched objects. These differences are also reflected in the Kalmyk language: frost is indicated by the phrase kiru + the adjective cahan.

The word kiru "frost" forms phrases with such verbs as buuh, unh, honh: kiru buuh "to be covered with frost", kiru unh "to be covered with frost". The verb honkh has the meaning "to spend the night", but in combination with the word kiru acquires the meaning "to form; to fall at night", i.e. kiru honkh "letters. frost spent the night." For example, son hazrin korsn deerrestsn kiru khondmn, en hazrig cholund Tohra haturuldmn "at night frost descends on the soil of the earth, which freezes the earth, turning it into stone." Also in the Kalmyk language there are such phrases as "frozen frost".

The Kalmyks attached great importance to meteorological conditions. By observing the weather and natural phenomena, they could predict the weather. When frost fell on the ground, it foreshadowed a cold snap, the onset of the first frosts. For example, hazr tsodrad, kiitn dogshdad, togaldan tsantad kiru baedg bolv "the earth froze, the cold intensified, everything was covered with frost." Kalmyks always looked at the sky and guided themselves by the stars. By the appearance of clusters of small stars in the sky, many odd "stozhars" determined the approach of cold. On ordinary days, the constellation of small stars in the sky is not visible, but it was these stars that were called "stozhary", in autumn, after the onset of coolness, foreshadowed the first frosts ^{[12, p. 51]}. Upon the onset of certain natural phenomena, according to atmospheric precipitation, the Kalmyks remembered the events that had occurred or planned related to economic and livestock activities. For example, namrlad, serun orad, kiru unad irsn tsagt hurvdad kichgln "at a time when autumn comes, coolness comes, frost appears, the third time brings offspring."

From the noun kiru "frost" the verb kirut is formed, "to be covered with frost, to grow." In the modern Kalmyk language, the word koru "frost" is also found, which refers to the Torgut dialect.

In the modern Kalmyk language, the lexeme CA? is often used, which has the meaning "frost, frost" ^{[3, p. 625]}. In the etymological dictionary of Mongolian languages, this lexeme is recorded in letters.- Mong. ?ang, khalkh. tsang(g), kalm. CA? "frost, frost" ^{[7, p. 133]}. Letters.-mong. tsang(g) "frost" ^{[11, p. 164]}. In the dictionary, the Pozdneev lexeme tsang(g) has the meaning "frost on the branches of a tree" ^{[5, p. 239]}, ca? "frost, frost" ^{[6, p. 422]}.

In the modern Kalmyk language, the word Ca? is mainly used in the meaning of "frost", as evidenced by the meaning of the word in the Kalmyk-Russian dictionary by A. Pozdneev. Frost forms on thin objects such as tree branches.

Other parts of speech are formed from the noun Ca? "frost, frost", such as the adjective ca?ta "frosted", the verb ca?th "to freeze, to be covered with frost". For example, it is fashionable to say that "frost has formed on the trees."

Thus, the Kalmyk meteorological vocabulary of the off-season is an independent integral category that reflects the role of natural phenomena such as serun "coolness", budn "fog", kiru "frost" in human life, being a natural landmark in his living space, economic activity. This vocabulary is present in all Mongolian and Turkic languages, is recorded in old written sources and has retained its original meaning in the modern Kalmyk language.

The grammatical forms of these meteorological lexemes are quite diverse in their word-formation and inflectional forms and are fully used in the language. For example, the nouns serun, budn, kiru, ca? form the verbs seruth, serutsh, bud?rh, kiruth, ca?th; adjectives budta, ca?th.

The meteorological vocabulary of the off-season in the Kalmyk language is widely used in folklore samples, works of art, which reflect the peculiarities of the linguistic picture of the world and worldview, the specifics of the lifestyle and inner world of the Kalmyks and is universal for other closely related peoples belonging to the Altai linguistic community.

Conditional abbreviations

az. – Azerbaijani

The head. – Bashkir

bur. – Buryatsky

gag. – Gagauz

Dagursky

others are Turkic. — ancient Turkic

kaz. — Kazakh

kirg. – Kyrgyz

Kalm. — Kalmyk

kbalk. – Karachay-Balkar

kirg. – Kyrgyz

manj. – Manchurian

mngr – Mongorsky

Mong. - Mongolian

Nog. — nogai

letters.-Mong. – written Mongolian

MS.-kypch. – sredne-kypchak

stp.-kalm. — old Kalmyk script

Toph. – tofalarsky

Tuv – Tuvan

tour – Turkish

Turk. – Turkmen

The Turk. — Turkic

Uzbek — Uzbek

Uighur – Uighur

hack. - khakassky

khalkh. — Khalkha

Yak. - Yakut