Reference:
Brodskii A.I..
Ethics without ideology or a new theory of synderesis
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2022. – ¹ 8.
– P. 48-57.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2022.8.38651.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2022.8.38651
Read the article
Abstract: The article analyzes the problem of the correlation of morality and ideology. The author believes that the distinction between morality and ideology can be made only at the level of their genealogy: if ideology is a socio-cultural product, then morality is rooted in human nature, in "moral intuitions", which medieval scholastic philosophy called synderesis. In modern ethics, synderesis can be identified with the neurophysiological prerequisites of morality. Opponents of this approach argue that, firstly, it excludes free will, and secondly, it does not explain the content of moral values and norms in any way. The author of the article criticizes these statements and offers his original theory of synderesis. The article draws an analogy between ethics and intuitionistic mathematics, which considers mathematical objects as the results of intellectual construction based on initial intuitions. Ethical objects should also be considered as constructions based on innate intuitions. Moral intuitions do not exclude free will, since they rely on rationality inherent in our nature, the main property of which is the ability to make decisions regardless of external stimuli and internal states. In addition, these intuitions influence the content of our norms, as they are the "operators" of their construction and are included in the "final product".
Keywords: justification, feasibility, construction, freedom, rationality, synderesis, intuition, ideology, ethics, moral
References:
Brodsky, A. I. (1999). In search of an effective ethos. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 1999. 150 p.(In Russian)
Brodsky, A. I. (2000) Normative ethics: from objectivism to constructivism // Ethical thought, V.1. No.1. PP. 148–158. (In Russian)
Heyting, A. (1965). Intuitionism. Introduction. Moscow: Mir. 200 p.(In Russian)
Dushin, O. E (2005). Confession and conscience in Western European culture of the 13th–14th centuries. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publishing House. 156 p. (In Russian)
Lenin, V. I. (1963).The economic content of populism and its criticism in Mr. Struve's book. Complete works. Moscow: State publishing house of political literature. V.1. PP.353–533. (In Russian)
Popper, K. (1992). Open society and its enemies. T.1. Charms of Plato. Moscow: Phoenix. 446 p. (In Russian)
Searle, J. (2004). Rationality in action. Moscow: Progress-Tradition. 334 p.(In Russian)
Tolstoy, L.N. (1958). Complete works. V.28. Moscow: Gosl
Reference:
Maltsev Y.V..
The practice of self-nurturing in the concept of the Tyumen philosopher Y. M. Fyodorov
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2021. – ¹ 2.
– P. 53-60.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2021.2.35364.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2021.2.35364
Read the article
Abstract: The subject of this research is the philosophy of the Tyumen philosopher Yuri Mikhailovich Fyodorov – a representative of the Tyumen philosophical tradition, who focused on the problems of ethics, namely practical implementation of the ethical in the context of development of the North and establishment of a new society from fundamentally different individuals. Tyumen philosophers were concerned with the question of how to form a single moral essence out of the agonistic society. For solving this problem, Yuri Mikhailovich Fyodorov turned to Neo-Platonism, cosmism, and Russian religious philosophy, as well as paid particular attention to the question of elevation of human to a moral entity. The ways for such subjectification proposed by Fedorov are examined in this article. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the philosopher is not widely known, as well as in the emphasis on the process of subjectification, epimeleia heautou in interpretation of M. Foucault, or the self-nurturing practices. It is illustrated that creativity, freedom, kindness and love are the key practices of self-nurturing which Y. M. Fyodorov indicated as the procedures of subjectification. From his perspective, these four concepts are the goal and practice for an individual, who seeks to surpass his own foundations. The philosophy of Y. M. Fyodorov aims to substantiate the unity of man with man, man with being; as well as attach meaning, value and vector to human life; contra pose something genuine, profound and eternal to the concepts that deprive an individual of the right to power over himself and the right to the long-term existence.
Keywords: neoplatonism, ethics, subject, subjectivity, subjectivation, the care of the self, practices of the self, cosmism, russian philosophy, philosophy
References:
Yarkova E. N. Problema lichnosti v otechestvennoy filosofii // Mirovozzrenchesko-metodologicheskiy potentsial filosofskoy kontseptsii Yu.M. Fedorova. Materialy Kruglogo stola 29 oktyabrya 2004 g. Tyumen': Medinfo, 2004. S. 105-122.
Eko U. Poetiki Dzhoysa. SPb.: «Simpozium», 2006. 496 s.
Chuprov A. S. Chelovek kak veshch' sredi veshchey. Sotsium i vlast'. 2017. ¹ 3. S. 118-123.
Eko U. «Moya zhizn' prervalas' v 50 let. I nachalas' zanovo». URL: http://www.psychologies.ru/people/razgovor-s-ekspertom/umberto-eko-moya-jizn-prervalas-v-50-let-i-nachalas-zanovo/ (data obrashcheniya: 26.03.2021)
Fukuyama F. Konets istorii i posledniy chelovek. M.: AST, 2007. 588 s.
Fuko M. O nachale germenevtiki sebya // Logos. 2008. ¹ 2. S. 65-95.
Fuko M. Germenevtika sub'ekta: kurs lektsiy, prochitannykh v Kollezh de Frans v 1981–1982 uchebnom godu. SPb.: Nauka, 2007. 677 s.
Fedorov Yu. M. Etika Severa kak kosmologiya morali. ETIKA SEVERA. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Pod red. V. I. Bakshtanovskogo, T. S. Karachentsevoy. Izdanie Instituta problem osvoeniya Sev
Reference:
Babanov A..
Ontological ethics of V. V. Bibikhin
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2019. – ¹ 11.
– P. 65-79.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2019.11.31261.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2019.11.31261
Read the article
Abstract: This article is dedicated to the study of ontological ethics of V. V. Bibikhin. He does not separate human from other types of animals; and ethics is interpreted as a revived Aristotelian ethology – science of the natural behavior. However, Bibikhin does not transport data of biology as a science onto the philosophical soil. He creates the original philosophy, which only at certain points intersects with biology, but overall, is a distinct phenomenology – “vision” of the natural. Reading texts of the philosopher, the key one was the hermeneutic paradigm: the desire to understand the delivered, following the thought of the author, while noticing the difficulties faced by this thought. The following conclusions were made: 1) return to oneness with the world is the fundamental goal of ontological ethics; 2) based on distinction of culture (inauthentic) and truth (space of strangeness), V. V. Bibikhin underlines the capability of natural existence of a human, captured in raw emotion, pure presence and willful action; 3) human essence is understood as “vision” – outlook on the prospects of personal growth and success in life; V. V. Bibikhin believes that human is a religious animal, and religion is the continuation of biology of the living; 4) living creature is a self-existent machine included into the global machine; at the same time, machine is understood based on the idea of Primum Mobile Aristotle and is juxtaposed to the artificial machine, which does not exist independently; 5) freedom consists in seeing or not seeing of the personal (good); formula of the personal, i.e. willful action, is conveyed in the words “unable to do otherwise”.
Keywords: weirdness, Living being, automate, freedom, morality, vision, truth, ontological ethics, culture, presence
References:
Arendt Kh. Zhizn' uma. SPb.: Nauka, 2013. S. 177–192.
Bibikhin V.V. Ontologicheskie osnovaniya pravdy. Istoriko-filosofskiy ezhegodnik’99. M.: Nauka, 2001. URL: http://www.bibikhin.ru/ontologicheskie_osnovaniya_pravdy#p4292 (data obrashcheniya: 29.10.2019)
Bibikhin V.V. Poisk svoego v Alkiviade Platona // V.V. Bibikhin. Sobstvennost'. Filosofiya svoego». SPb.: Nauka, 2012. URL: http://bibikhin.ru/poisk_svoego_v_alkiviade (data obrashcheniya: 30.10.2019)
Bibikhin V.V. Svoe, sobstvennoe // Voprosy filosofii. 1997. ¹2. S. 71–81. URL: http://bibikhin.ru/svoe_sobstvennoe (data obrashcheniya: 30.10.2019)
Bibikhin V.V. Sobstvennost'. Filosofiya svoego. SPb.: Nauka, 2012. S. 231.
Bibikhin V.V. Uznay sebya. SPb.: Nauka, 2015. 446 s.
Bibikhin V.V. Filosofiya i tekhnika // V.V. Bibikhin. Drugoe nachalo. SPb.: Nauka, 2003. URL: http://www.bibikhin.ru/filosofiya_i_tehnika (data obrashcheniya: 29.10.2019)
Mikhaylovskiy A.V. Ontologicheskaya germenevtika V.V. Bibikhina // Stasis. T.3. ¹1. S. 307.
Khaydegger M. Nitsshe // Khaydeger M. Soch.: v
Reference:
Savvina O.V..
Principles of professional ethics of a modern scholar
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2019. – ¹ 11.
– P. 80-86.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2019.11.31554.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2019.11.31554
Read the article
Abstract: This article raises a question on determination of ethical principles in the activity of scholars within the framework of modern research corporations. The author analyzes the discourse on the ethical imperatives of scientific ethos of R. Merton, as well as presents their critics with S. Fuller and J. Ziman. The article demonstrates that the critical study of imperatives is just; they are not widely implemented for the realities of “big science” as the initially did not reflect the essence of scientific activity nor consider the technical rationality of science and production of scientific knowledge; however, they clearly reflect the scholar’s proclivity for the truth as a value of scientific ethos. Leaning on the concept of “technoscience”, the author suggests relying not on the ethical imperatives of the modern scientific activity, but outline the values of scientific cognition and system of prohibitions intended to protect these values. The study determines the two fundamental values of modern science – truth and social responsibility. The aforementioned values should be protected by a number of taboo within the framework of activity of the modern scholars. This implies the traditional prohibitions of scientific ethics, such as prohibition on falsification and fabrication of scientific knowledge, forms of plagiarism, or those that shield social responsibility and transform throughout history.
Keywords: value, negative ethics, moral imperatives, Ziman, Fuller, Merton, science ethics, truth, social responsibility, Guseinov
References:
Merton R. The Normative Structure of Science / Panarchy. [URL: https://www.panarchy.org/merton/science.html] (Data obrashcheniya: 19.09.2018).
Demina N.V. Kontseptsiya etosa nauki: Merton i drugie v poiskakh sotsial'noy geometrii norm / // Sotsiologicheskiy zhurnal.-2005.-¹ 4. S. 5-47.
Mitroff I.I. The subjective side of science: A philosophical inquiry into the psychology of the Apollo Moon scientists. Amsterdam and San Francisco: Elsevier and Jossey-Bass, 1974.
West S.S. The ideology of academic scientists // IRE Transactions on Engineering Management.-1960. Vol. EM-7.-No. 2. P. 54-62.
Mirskaya E.Z. R.K. Merton i etos klassicheskoy nauki. // Filosofiya nauki. – Vyp. 11: Etos nauki na rubezhe vekov. – M., 2005. S. 11-28.
Fuller S. Science. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1997.
Ziman J. Real science: What it is, and What it means. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Yudin B.G. Ob etose tekhnonauki. Filosofskie nauki.-2010.-¹ 12. S. 58-66.
Eticheskiy kodeks MGU. // Ofitsial'nyy sayt Yuridicheskog
Reference:
Babanov A..
The concept of nihilism in the philosophy of Nietzsche and Heidegger. Ethical aspect of Heidegger’s thinking
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2018. – ¹ 12.
– P. 1-17.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2018.12.27905.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2018.12.27905
Read the article
Abstract: This article is dedicated to the analysis of the concept of nihilism in the philosophy of Nietzsche and Heidegger, as well as ethnical concept of Heidegger’s thinking. Emphasis is made on determining the multivalence of the concept of nihilism in the works of both philosophers, as well as the comprehension distinctions. The author explores the peculiarities of Heidegger’s interpretation of metaphysics as nihilism, and analyzes the question on the essence of thinking that preponderates metaphysics. The article elucidates the ethical aspect of Heidegger’s thought to demonstrate certain aspects that, perhaps, led the philosopher to participation in the national-socialist movement. In the course of this study was used the method of comparative analysis of philosophical positions of the thinkers along with the comprehensive analysis of the existing sources of this topic. Nietzsche’s nihilism as the reconsideration of values, takes place within the categorical net of moral Platonism, only being “inverted” by Nietzsche. Therefore, his philosophy of life is the reconsideration of foundations of moral being of a human. Unlike Nietzsche, Heidegger understands nihilism as thinking that does not raise a question on the nothingness, in other words, as metaphysics. Heidegger believes that overcoming metaphysics means deepening in the thought on being. The specificity of Heidegger’s philosophy is that human, freedom, duty, and responsibility are viewed exceptionally in light of the thought on being, outside the idea of the subject of morality. Ethics is possible as a genuine “whereness” in terms of the realness of being, obedience to it. The danger of such “ethos” lies not only in the fact that the responding to being thought is subjected to deception, but also that by overcoming the metaphysics of a subject towards the initial thinking, we can lose the idea of oneself as a responsible beginning of life, when the all of the said and done is the personal choice and decision.
Keywords: morality, existence, being, ethics, thinking, Heidegger, value, Nietzsche, nihilism, metaphysics
References:
Khaydegger M. O sushchnosti istiny // M. Khaydegger. Razgovor na proselochnoy doroge. M., 1991. S. 8–27.
Khaydegger M. Chto takoe metafizika? // M. Khaydegger. Vremya i bytie (stat'i i vystupleniya). M.: Respublika, 1993. S.16–27.
Khaydegger M. Otreshennost' // M. Khaydegger. Razgovor na proselochnoy doroge. M., 1991. S. 102–112.
Khaydegger M. Chto znachit myslit'? // M. Khaydegger. Razgovor na proselochnoy doroge. M., 1991. S. 134–145.
Khaydegger M. Nitsshe // Khaydeger M. Soch.: v 2 t. T. 2 / Per. s nem. A.P. Shurbeleva. SPb.: Vladimir Dal', 2007. 457 s.
Khaydegger M. Pis'mo o gumanizme // M. Khaydegger. Vremya i bytie (stat'i i vystupleniya). M.: Respublika, 1993. S. 192–221.
Khaydegger M. Veshch' // M. Khaydegger. Vremya i bytie (stat'i i vystupleniya). M.: Respublika, 1993. S. 316–327.
Safranski R. Khaydegger. Germanskiy master i ego vremya». M. 2002. S. 366.
Nitsshe F. Po tu storonu dobra i zla. K genealogii morali. Sluchay «Vagner». M.: Kul'turnaya revolyutsiya, 2005. S. 231–385.
Guseynov A.A. Filosofiya kak eticheskiy pro
Reference:
Savvina O.V..
Genetic modification of human embryos and gametes: moral justification of the experiments
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2018. – ¹ 11.
– P. 86-92.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2018.11.28376.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2018.11.28376
Read the article
Abstract: This article examines the question of moral justification of the use of genetic modification technologies of human embryos and gametes. Recent experiments in China on the genetic modification of embryos to make children’s cells resistant to human immunodeficiency virus, cholera and pox, made this problem extremely relevant and extensively discussed in the society. The author cites arguments, made by the scholars and philosophers for and against allowability of genetic modification. It is emphasized that the scholars in the area of medical and biological sciences fear of causing harm to the health of future genetically modified people, while the philosophers are concerned with other problems. The problem of limiting autonomy is one of the most debatable within the framework of philosophy. For illustrating the arguments, the author presents the materials from the history of science, recent developments in editing on human embryos and gametes, philosophical insights and international documents. Having analyzes the arguments of the parties, the author comes to the conclusion that the genetic modification of human embryos and gametes should not be prohibited, although as any other technology, this one can carry advantages and disadvantages; as well as the implementation of such technology is capable of changing social practices (slippery slope argument). In some circumstances it is necessary to restrict the application of these technologies. The author suggest the basic principles of using such types of technologies.
Keywords: gene modifying of embryos, Habermas, autonomy, CRISPR/Cas9, human enhancement, bioethics, scientific ethics, He Jiankui, research ethics, medical ethics
References:
Regalado A. EXCLUSIVE: Chinese scientists are creating CRISPR babies. // MIT Technology review. URL: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612458/exclusive-chinese-scientists-are-creating-crispr-babies/ (Data obrashcheniya 7.12.18)
Redaktirovanie genoma s CRISPR/Cas9. // Portal Pstnauka. URL: https://postnauka.ru/faq/59807 (Data obrashcheniya 7.12.18)
Normile D. CRISPR bombshell: Chinese researcher claims to have created gene-edited twins. // Science, 26/11/18. URL: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/11/crispr-bombshell-chinese-researcher-claims-have-created-gene-edited-twins (Data obrashcheniya 7.12.18)
Regalado A. Despite CRISPR baby controversy, Harvard University will begin gene-editing sperm. // URL: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612494/despite-crispr-baby-controversy-harvard-university-will-begin-gene-editing-sperm/ (Data obrashcheniya 7.12.18)
Khen Yu.V. Evgenicheskiy proekt: «pro» i «contra». M.: IF RAN, 2003.
Ponyatie meditsinskoy normy v kontekste sovremennogo bioeticheskogo diskursa.-Vestnik RUDN, s
Reference:
Prokof'ev A.V..
Moral and sexual shame (Vladimir Solovyev – Max Scheller – David Velleman)
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2016. – ¹ 7.
– P. 1053-1061.
Read the article
Abstract: This article subjects to analysis the question of whether it is legal to prescribe to sexual shame the status of the moral emotion. This question emerges due to the fact that moral within the framework of prevailing in the modern ethics theoretical paradigm, is being viewed as a combination of values and norms orienting each person to refuse to cause harm to others, help him, and care for him. Sexual shame is not directly connected with this normative content, thus its moral character becomes questioned. The author determines the two approaches that are used to eliminate such doubt. The first is aimed at proving the moral importance of sexual bans, in relation to which sexual shame is a sanction. The second – appeals to the meaning of sexual in order for a moral subject to form and preserve the ability to self-regulation. The subject of this research is the ethical concepts that unite the first and the second arguments; while the direct task consists in the assessment of their theoretical accomplishment. This is how the following historical-ethical sequence emerges: Vladimir Solovyev – Max Scheller – David Velleman. The methodological research is based upon the supposition that using the analysis of anthropological conditions and psychological mechanisms of moral experience, it is possible to attain a number of justified, although auxiliary, arguments in favor of expansion of the boundaries of the normative content of moral beyond the limits of requirements associated with the good of others.
Keywords: M. Scheler, V. S. Solovyev, sexuality, shame, sanctions, emotions, morality, ethics, philosophy, D. Velleman
References:
Zahavi D. Self and Other: Exploring Subjectivity, Empathy, and Shame. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 295 p
Taylor C. Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989. 601 p.
Strawson P.F. Freedom and Resentment // Strawson P.F. Freedom and Resentment and Other Essays. New York: Routledge, 2008. P. 1—28.
Scheler M. Shame and Feeling of Modesty // Scheler M. Person and Self-Value. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987. P. 1—85.
Haidt J. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Vintage Books, 2013. 528 p.
Emad P. Max Scheler’s Phenomenology of Shame // Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 1972. Vol. 32. ¹. 3. P. 361—370.
Deigh J. Shame and Self-Esteem: A Critique // Ethics. 1983. Vol. 93. ¹. 2. P. 225—245.
Deonna J.A., Rodogno R., Teroni F. In Defense of Shame: the Faces of an Emotion. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. 268 p.
Solov'ev V.S. Opravdanie dobra // So
Reference:
Sochilin A.A..
Development of the 'Morals' Concept in the European Philosophy of the XVIIth Century
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2015. – ¹ 11.
– P. 1682-1690.
Read the article
Abstract: The object of the research is the development history of the terms of European moral philosophy. The subject of the research is the transformation of ethical terms in the XVIIth century which started the process of formation of a modern definition of 'morals' and assimilation of traditional concepts and semantics of moral philosophy. In his research Sochilin examines theoretical, textological, historical-philosophical and institutional contexts of this process. He also describes the origin and historical dynamics of such terms as 'morals', 'ethics', 'moralitas', 'moralia', 'jus naturale', 'lex naturalis', 'honestum', 'honestas' and 'rectitudo'. The research methods include linguistic and general humanities methods such as analysis of the semantic extension of the aforesaid terms, their morphemic analysis and contextual analysis. The researcher relates these terminological transformations to conceptual changes in European moral philosophy. As a result of the research, the author clarifies etymology of the terms 'morals' and 'ethics' and compares them to their Latin and Greek originals. The author explicates similarities and differences in their origin, concludes that the term 'moralitas' has a crucial importance for the formation of today's definition of morals and describes the theoretical grounds thereto. He defines the two interdependent philosophical traditions the aforesaid process was part of (natural law tradition and Thomist tradition with primary Aristotelian ethic terminology) and outlines the scope of texts of the XVIIth century the process could be seen in. The author has also summarized historical dynamics and developed the five-level program for further research.
Keywords: Latin, ethics, morality, history of concepts, history of moral philosophy, Francisco Suarez, morals, Hugo Grotius, natural law, Samuel Pufendord
References:
Goclenius R. Lexicon philosophicum. Francofurtus: Matthias Beckerus, 1613. 1143 p.
Aegidius de Coninck. De moralitate, natura et effectibus actuum supernaturalium in genere et fidei, spe, ac charitate, speciatim, libri quatuor. Lutetia Parisiorum: Edmundus Martinus, 1624. 597 p.
Cicero. De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum: Libri Quinque / D. Io. Nicolaus Madvigius recensuit et enarravit. Cambridge University Press, 2010. 869 p.
Tsitseron. O predelakh blaga i zla. Paradoksy stoikov / Per. s lat. N.A. Fedorova. M.: Rossiyskiy Gosudarstvennyy Gumanitarnyy universitet, 2000. 474 s.
Du Cange et al. Glossarium mediæ et infimæ latinitatis. 10 Voll. Vol. 5. Niort: L. Favre, 1885. 659 p.
Leibniz G. W. Sämtliche Schriften und Briefe / Ed. Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Series six, vol. 1. Darmstadt: Otto Reichl Verlag, 1930. 593 p.
Irwin T. The Development of Ethics. Volume 2: From Suarez to Rousseau. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 936 p.
Suarez F. A Treatise o
Reference:
Babanov A.V..
The Faith of Lev Shestov And Lev Tolstoy
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2015. – ¹ 9.
– P. 1383-1392.
Read the article
Abstract: The subject of the research is the concept of faith of Lev Shestov and Lev Tolstoy. The object of the research is Lev Tolstoy's religious and moral teaching and Lev Shestov's philosophy. Special attention is paid to the relationship between faith and reason, faith and morals and the difference in the philosophers' views on human's attitude to the absolute beginning of the world. The purpose of the research is to show general 'ethical' orientation of Shestov's and Tolstoy's philosophies and to analyze their subjective attitude to the world that was based on different grounds. The research methodology involves integrated analysis of sources on the research subject. The researcher has also used the method of comparative analysis. The main conclusions of the research are the following: while Shestov viewed faith and reason as mutually exclusive, Tolstoy saw faith as the proof of reason and reason as the 'way' to faith. Shestov also opposed faith to morals while Tolstoy considered fath to be an essential prerequisite for moral behavior. Nevertheless, both Shestov's and Tolstoy's philosophies in fact have the general ethical intention: Shestov views the idea of faith as the reliance of morals not as a result of the 'possible' and the 'must' restrictions but as a result of nondetermined decisions of an absolute subject. Tolstoy related the idea of morals to the highest 'Self' that was viewed as the ideal and attitude to which was created within the space of moral perfection.
Keywords: faith, morals, reason, subject, world in general, ethics, responsibility, God, good, evil
References:
Tolstoi L.N. O zhizni. Aforizmy i izbrannye mysli L.N. Tolstogo, sobrannye L.P. Nikiforovym. Ispoved'. / L.N. Tolstoi. M.: AST: Astrel', 2011. 380 s.
Guseinov A. A. Razumnaya vera L.N. Tolstogo // Sravnitel'naya filosofiya. Znanie i vera v kontekste dialoga kul'tur. M.: «Vostochnaya literatura» RAN, 2008. S. 288–304.
Tolstoi L.N. Krug chteniya // Lib.ru/Klassika. [Elektronnyi resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://az.lib.ru/t/tolstoj_lew_nikolaewich/text_1390.shtml
Tolstoi L.N. Chto takoe religiya i v chem sushchnost' ee? // Lib.ru/Klassika. [Elektronnyi resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://az.lib.ru/t/tolstoj_lew_nikolaewich/text_0760-1.shtml
Tolstoi L.N. V chem moya vera? // Tolstovskii listok. Tolstoi i o Tolstom. Vypusk sed'moi. SPb.: Fond «Za vyzhivanie i razvitie chelovechestva», 1996. 237 s.
Shestov L. Afiny i Ierusalim // Sochineniya v 2-kh tomakh. Tom 1. M., Nauka.1993. 413 s.
Shestov L. Derznoveniya i pokornosti // Soch. v 2 t. T. 2. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 151–253.
Shestov L. Nikolai Be
Reference:
Babanov A.V..
Nietzsche and Shestov: Denial of Will and Apology of Will
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2015. – ¹ 8.
– P. 1224-1238.
Read the article
Abstract: The article is devoted to the detection of distinction of philosophical concepts of Nietzsche and Shestov. Nietzsche's and Shestov's philosophies are compared through the prism of ideas of philosophy of Nietzsche: will to power and nihilism. These ideas are fixed in the form of polar concepts, i.e. the concepts that present the two opposite points of view. So, the main thesis of Shestov's philosophy about the faith that cancels the evil previously committed seems comparable to the negative sense of these polar concepts. In the final part of the article Nietzsche's philosophy in general is comprehended through Shestov's ideas. The author sees the key to understnading the philosophy of both philosophers in thei concept of will. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the conflict between will and the past which is differently resolved by Nietzsche and Shestov. Ethics of generosity of Nietzsche and ethics of boldness of Shestov – this is how the author offers to characterize the two philosophical projects on overcoming of the powerlessness of will in relation to the necessary past. The main method of research used by the author is the comparative analysis. The author compares Nietzsche's and Shestov's philosophy involving interpretations of their ideas by Vladimir Bibikhin, Hannah Arendt and Gilles Deleuze. The novelty of the research consists in the original analysis of distinction of the two ways of thinking as they ae presented in Nietzsche's and Shestov's concepts. The distinction between reasoning and will based on Hannah Arendt's ideas correlates with the opposite understanding of the subject by Nitsshche and Shestov. In Nietzsche's philosophy the will acts as a nigilistic concept in essence, i.e. denying self-sufficiency of life and the world in general. Overcoming nihilism of will and its powerlessness to change the past Nietzsche refuses from will in favor of a complete contemplation/acceptance of identity of and the world. Shestov's philosophy, on the contrary, presents the apology of will that through faith finds the power over the past and the world in general. The obvious antagonism shown during comparison of the two philosophers helps to better highlight the thought of each philosopher.
Keywords: ethics of generosity, ressentiment, good morals, reason, faith, will to power, nihilism, will, ethics of boldness, subject
References:
Delez Zh. Nitsshe i filosofiya / Per. s nem. O. Khomy pod red. Skuratova. M.: "Ad Marginem", 2003. 382 s.
Nitsshe Fridrikh. Tak govoril Zaratustra // Nitsshche F. Soch.: V 13 t. T. 4 / Red. E.V. Oznobkin. M.: Kul'turnaya revolyutsiya, 2005. 432 s.
Aristotel'. Etika / Aristotel'; per. N.V Braginskoy, T.A. Miller; M.: AST: Astrel', 2011. 492 s.
Shestov L. Gefsimanskaya noch' (Filosofiya Paskalya) // Soch. v 2 t. T. 2. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 278–325.
Shestov L. Derznoveniya i pokornosti // Soch. v 2 t. T. 2. M.: Nauka, 1993. S. 151–253.
Nitsshe Fridrikh. Volya k vlasti. Opyt pereotsenki vsekh tsennostey / Per. s nem. E.Gertsyk i dr. M.: Kul'turnaya Revolyutsiya, 2005. 880 s.
Shestov L. Afiny i Ierusalim. M.: AST: AST MOSKVA: KhRANITEL', 2007. 413 s.
Evlampiev I.I. Absolyut kak tsarstvo Absurda: L. Shestov // Evlampiev I.I. Istoriya russkoy metafiziki v XIX–XX vv. Russkaya filosofiya v poiskakh Absolyuta. SPb.: Aleteyya, 2000. S. 259–297.
Arendt Khanna. Zhizn' uma / Per. s angl. A.V.
Reference:
Aronson, D. O..
Transcendental Deduction in Kant’s Practical Philosophy
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2014. – ¹ 11.
– P. 1664-1671.
Read the article
Abstract: The present article is devoted to an important method of Immanuel Kant’s critical philosophy – transcendental
deduction. The author of the article focuses on how this method is used in Kant’s main woks on practical philosophy
such as ‘Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals’ and ‘Critique of Practical Reason’. The purpose of the article is
to clarify whether Kant’s practical philosophy describes the transcendental deduction of the groundwork of practical
reason just like the transcendental deduction of pure reason categories is presented in ‘Critique of Practical Reason’.
To solve the aforesaid problem, the author of the article provides a brief description of the deduction of reason categories.
After that the author reconstructs the logic of reasoning in the main works of Kant on practical philosophy based
on the supposition that the structure of the deduction of Kant’s practical philosophy must be similar to the structure
of deduction in speculative philosophy. The author shows that Kant’s practical philosophy presents a successful deduction
of the main grounds of partial reason. It is concluded that despite a common opinion in the studies of Kant, his
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and Critique of Practical Reason present the same project of deduction. The
author of the present article reconstructs metaphysical and transcendental deduction in Kant’s practical philosophy. The author eliminates the visibility of the vicious circle connected with Kant’s statement that freedom and unconditional
partial law are mutually interdependent. It is concluded that the logic of deduction in practical philosophy
makes us to significantly extend the term ‘experience’ in Kant’s philosophy.
Keywords: practical philosophy, freedom, transcendental deduction, metaphysical deduction, practical reason, moral law, categorical imperative, experience, will, free will.
References:
A.N. Zelinskaya Svoboda kak ekzistentsial'naya problema // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2011.-10.-C. 7-15.
R.S. Granin Ekzistentsial'naya eskhatologiya Nikolaya Berdyaeva // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2012.-11.-C. 63-71.
Cohen H. Ethik des reinen Willens. – Berlin: Bruno Cassirer, 1904.
Förster E. Preface to Kant’s Transcendental Deductions. ed. E. Förster. Stanford Univer-sity Press. 1989.
Allison H. E. Kant's theory of freedom (Cambridge University Press, 1990)
Beck L. W. A Commentary on Kants Critique of Practical Reason (Chicago, 1960)
Allison H. E. Justification and Freedom in the Critique of Practical Reason // Kant’s Transcendental Deductions. ed. E. Förster. Stanford University Press. 1989.
M.: Choro, 1994. – 630 s. 4. Kant I. Predpolagaemoe nachalo chelovecheskoy istorii // Kant I. Sochineniya. V 8-mi t. T. 8. M.: Choro, 1994. – 718 s.
M.: Choro, 1994. – 741 s. 3. Kant I. Osnovopolozheniya metafiziki nravov / Per. L. D. B. // Kant I. Sochineniya. V 8-m
Reference:
Ismailov, N. O..
Non-Violence as a Post-Violence Stage of Social Justice
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2014. – ¹ 5.
– P. 745-753.
Read the article
Abstract: The article is devoted to the main ideas of the ethics of non-violence offered by a famous modern philosopher
Abdusalam Huseynov. Ethics of non-violence are being viewed in terms of the issue of social justice. The author of
the present article views the terms ‘violence’ and ‘non-violence’ in comparison with the term ‘justice’. Ethics of nonviolence
are viewed as an attempt to implement the principles of justice in the life of the modern society. Definition of
justice as it usually appears in the ethics of non-violence is also analyzed.
According to the author, ethics of non-violence are the reflection of modern realities. Therefore the author tries to
underline the main ideas of ethics of non-violence that can be used when implementing the principles of justice in the
modern society.
The author studies ethics of non-violence in terms of the problems of social justice and from the point of view of the
unity of all spheres of social life as well as interconnection and interdependence of social needs, interests and values.
Abdusalam Huseynov’s ethics of non-violence are quite an interesting and original concept that reflects views and desires
of particular social layers and groups. Non-violence is seen as a post-violence stage in the fight for social justice.
According to the author, it is necessary to carry out a better research and analysis of the main provisions of ethics of
non-violence with reference to today’s and future social realities.
Keywords: justice, freedom, equality, violence, non-violence, morals, ethics, good, evil.
References:
Guseynov A. A. Moral'naya demagogiya kak forma apologii nasiliya // Voprosy filosofii. – 1995,-¹ 5. – S. 5 – 12.
Guseynov A. A. Ponyatiya nasiliya i nenasiliya // Voprosy filosofii. – 1994.-¹ 6.-S. 35 – 41.
Guseynov A. A. Svoboda i spravedlivost': tochki sopryazheniya // Vedomosti NIIPE. Vyp. 28: Svoboda i/ili spravedlivost' / Red. V. I. Bakshtanovskiy, N. N. Karnaukhov. Tyumen': NIIPE, 2006.-S. 17 – 32.
Guseynov A. A. Chto takoe etika nenasiliya? // Svoboda sovesti v Rossii: istoricheskiy i sovremennyy aspekty. Sbornik dokladov.-M. 2006.
Guseynov A. A. Etika nenasiliya – velenie vremeni. Doklad na Vtoroy Rossiyskoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii "Religiya v izmenyayushcheysya Rossii". Perm'. 11-12 maya 2004 god. «Religiya i SMI» (www.religare.ru).
Guseynov A. A., Apresyan R. G. Etika. – M.: Gardarika, 1998.-472 s.
Ismailov N. O. K voprosu o sootnoshenii spravedlivosti i nravstvennosti // Gumanitarnye i sotsial'no-ekonomicheskie nauki.-Rostov-na-Donu, 2010, ¹ 1.-S. 25 – 29.
Ism
Reference:
Apresyan, R. G..
Universalization of Statements in the Course of Formation of Moral Thinking
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2014. – ¹ 4.
– P. 607-617.
Read the article
Abstract: Moral statements always have a universal or generalized meaning this way or another. They are universal at
least because these statements are based on standard generalizations in accordance with values that are typical for
particular cultural environment.
The level of universality of thinking including moral thinking develops historically and increases as the abilities for
generalization and abstracting grow. The starting point in abstracting is the understanding of particular situations and
communications, decision making process and evaluations.
Based on the conceptual reconstruction of particular episodes from Homer’s poems the author of the article analyzes
different forms of generalization made on the basis of a concrete situation. Such generalization is usually performed
by the means of the following: 1) sayings that participants of particular situations address to one another; 2) advise
given by other people regarding the situation; 3) participants comparing their goals and desires with the opinions of
‘imaginary others’ including ‘generalized’ and ‘sacral’ figures; 4) speech of a poet who expresses his opinion ‘above
the situation’ and ‘above personalities’; 5) comparison of decisions made in particular situations with universal values;
6) expression of general sentences made on the basis of opinions that arise in a particular situation.
Keywords: morals, universality, universalism, moral genealogy, universalization of valuable statements, ways of universalization, mutuality, communication, Homer, epos.
References:
Apresyan R.G. Nravoperemena Akhilla: K istokam morali arkhaicheskogo obshchestva (na materiale gomerovskogo eposa). M.: Al'fa-M, 2013.
Gegel' G.V.F. Filosofiya prava / Red. D.A. Kerimov, V.S. Nersesyants. M.: Mysl', 1990.
Gomer. Iliada / Per. N.I. Gnedicha. Izd. podgotovil A.I. Zaytsev. L.: Nauka, 1990.
Gomer. Iliada. Odisseya. / Per. V.V. Veresaeva. Sost., avtor vstupit. stat'i i komment. A.A. Takho-Godi. M.: Prosveshchenie, 1987.
Zaytsev A.I. Svoboda voli i bozhestvennoe rukovodstvo v gomerovskom epose // Vestnik drevney istorii. 1987. ¹ 3.
Yeger V. Paydeyya. T. 1: Vospitanie antichnogo greka. M.: Greko-latinskiy kabinet, 2001.
Kant I. Kritika sposobnosti suzhdeniya // Kant I. Soch.: V 6 t. T. 5 / Red. V.F. Asmus. M.: Mysl', 1966.
Kant I. Osnovy metafiziki nravstvennosti // Kant I. Soch. v 6 t. T. 4 (1) / Red. V.F. Asmus. M.: Mysl', 1965.
Publiy Ovidiy Nazon. Metamorfozy // Publiy Ovidiy Nazon. Lyubovnye elegii. Metamorfozy. Skorbnye elegii / Per. s lat. S.V. Shervinskogo. M.
Reference:
Nazaretian, K. A..
Basic Ethics in Journalism
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2013. – ¹ 12.
– P. 1776-1787.
Read the article
Abstract: In modern Russian literature there are almost no researches of ethics in journalism. The author of
the present article is filling in the gap. By analyzing six major journalistic codes in different countries as well
as a number of theoretical researches, the author of the present article defines the following seven basic ethical
values in journalism: truth, no harm, objectivity, freedom of speech, honesty, social responsibility and
justice. Journalistic ethics is viewed as a part of a greater system of public morals.
Keywords: philosophy, ethics, society, journalism, mass media, values, standards, rules, code, profession.
References:
Apresyan R. G. Novoe esse // Kruglyy stol Teoreticheskogo seminara sektora etiki «Moral': mnogoobrazie ponyatiy i smyslov», 27 noyabrya 2012 goda. (URL: http://iph.ras.ru/uplfile/ethics/ seminar/27_11_2012/KS_Content.pdf).
Apresyan R. G. Fenomen vzaimnosti: kommunikativnye i normativnye predposylki istoricheskogo formirovaniya morali // Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. 2012. ¹ 1. S. 75–90.
Beseda s Rubenom Grantovichem Apresyanom // Postigaya dobro: sbornik statey / Otv. red. O. V. Artem'eva, A. M. Prokof'ev. M.: Al'fa-M, 2013.
Guseynov A.A., Apresyan R. G. Etika. M.: Gardariki, 2004.
Lambet E. B. Priverzhennost' zhurnalistskomu dolgu. Ob eticheskom podkhode v zhurnalistskoy professii. M.: Natsional'nyy institut pressy, 1998.
Professional'naya etika zhurnalista. Dokumenty i spravochnye materialy / Sost. Yu. V. Kazakov. M.: Medeya, 2004.
Alleyne M. D. Global Media Ecology: Why There Is No Global Media Ethics Standard // The Handbook of Mass Media Ethics / Ed. by
Reference:
Shokhin, V.K. .
Is a Good Definition of Goodness? (Experience of Ancient Philosophy)
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2013. – ¹ 11.
– P. 1588-1597.
Read the article
Abstract: George Moor’s basic theorem about indefinability of goodness has been the topic of debates in metaethics up to the present. It is quite understandable because the solution of this question has an influence on many ethic programs. However, this problem is mostly solved a priori and just in theory. The author of the article describes how it is possible to solve the problem from the point of history and philosophy. If, in spite of the evident proof that goodness has a ‘simple’ and ‘absolute’ meaning and therefore it is an indefinable concept, history and philosophy provide certain definitions of this term, then Moor’s position can be corrected. If not, then Moor’s theorem will be proved a posteriori. The author of the article analyzes definitions (and proof that there are no definitions) of goodness in ancient philosophy from the first Indian philosophers to Sextus Empiricus.
Keywords: George Moor’s basic theorem about indefinability of goodness has been the topic of debates in metaet, this problem is mostly solved a priori and just in theory. The author of the article describes how i, in spite of the evident proof that goodness has a ‘simple’ and ‘absolute’ meaning and therefore it i, history and philosophy provide certain definitions of this term, then Moor’s position can be corrected. If not, then Moor’s theorem will be proved a posteriori. The author of the article analyzes definitions (and
References:
Aristotel'. Sochineniya v chetyrekh tomakh. T. 4. M.: Mysl', 1984.
Diogen Laertskii. O zhizni, ucheniyakh i izrecheniyakh znamenitykh filosofov / Per. M.L. Gasparova. M.: Mysl', 1986.
Mur Dzh.E. Priroda moral'noi filosofii / Per. s angl., sost. i prim. L.V. Konovalovoi. M.: Respublika, 1999.
Sekst Empirik. Sochineniya v dvukh tomakh. T. 2. M.: Mysl', 1976.
Fragmenty rannikh stoikov. T. III. Ch. 1. Khrisipp iz Sol. Eticheskie fragmenty / Per. i komment. A.A. Stolyarova. M.: Greko-Latinskii kabinet Yu.A. Shichalina, 2007.
Fragmenty rannikh stoikov. T. III. Ch. 2. Ucheniki i preemniki Khrisippa / Per. i komment. A.A. Stolyarova. M.: Greko-Latinskii kabinet Yu.A. Shichalina, 2010.
Shokhin V.K. Indiiskaya filosofiya. Shramanskii period (seredina I tysyacheletiya do n.e.). SPb: Izd-vo S.-Peterb. un-ta, 2007.
Anscombe E.G.M. Modern moral philosophy // Philosophy. The Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy. 1958. Vol. 33. ¹ 124. P. 1-19.
Ars Rhetorica. Aristotle. W.D. Ross. Oxfor
Reference:
Savvina, O.V..
Ethical regulation in higher education institution and conditions for its efficiency
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2013. – ¹ 8.
– P. 1152-1163.
Read the article
Abstract: Currently ethical codes and ethical regulation in the higher education institutions become more
and more popular in the USA, the Western European states and Russia. At the same time structure and organization
of ethical regulation are not clearly defined, and some researchers deprive ethical regulation of
the very term “ethical”. The nature of this matter is quite ambiguous.
Keywords: philosophy, Code, University, regulation, ethics, professional, corporate, compliance, higher educational institution, management.
References:
Bern E. Igry, v kotorye igrayut lyudi. Lyudi, kotorye igrayut v igry. M.: Eksmo, 2007.
Bukharestskaya deklaratsiya eticheskikh tsennostey i printsipov vysshego obrazovaniya v Evro-pe 10 avgusta 2005 g. YuNESKO-SEPES, ofitsial'nyy sayt TyumGU — http://penh.tsogu.ru/nii/ folder.2006-12-18.7122125891/Folder.2008-09-24.1310/Document.2008-10-10.5222.
Gutner G.B. Sotsial'nye praktiki i gabitus nauchnogo soobshchestva // Etos nauki / pod red. L.P. Ki-yashchenko, E.Z. Mirskoy. M.: Academia, 2008. S. 341.
Makarkin N.P., Tomilin O.B., Fadeeva I.M. Opyt strategicheskogo planirovaniya v Mordovskom Gosudarstvennom Universitete // Ofitsial'nyy sayt zhurnala «Universitetskoe upravlenie: prak-tika i analiz» [elektronnyy resurs — http://www.umj.ru/index.php/pub/inside/398/].
Prokof'ev A.V. Eticheskiy kodeks akademicheskogo soobshchestva: parallel'nyy opyt razrabotki // Vedomosti ¹ 34 / pod red. V.I. Bakshtanovskogo, N.N. Karnaukhova; NII Prikladnoy etiki, Gosudarstvennoe obrazovatel'noe uchrezhdenie vysshe
Reference:
Mekhed, G. N..
The Problem of Theodicy in Kant’s and Dostoevsky’s Ethics
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2013. – ¹ 7.
– P. 967-973.
Read the article
Abstract: The article is devoted to theodicy and its role in Kant’s and Dostoevsky’s philosophies. The author of
the article tries to show that the problem of theodicy appeared in Kant’s and Dostoevsky’s work as a part of
the question about the moral ideal, freedom and responsibility. Despite different approaches and quite obvious
difference in their concepts of rationality as well as philosophizing methods, both of these philosophers have
many topics in common. In particular, they both talked about the relation between the absolute and personal
freedom, from one side, and the problem of the moral idea form the other. Both Kant and Dostoevsky were
also interested in the problem of self-will and how it relates to freedom and autonomy. However, despite the
philosophers’ belief that it was impossible to solve the problem of theodicy, the author shows that Kant and
Dostoevsky had very different definitions of freedom as well as borders and logic of moral reasoning.
Keywords: philosophy, ethics, Kant, Dostoevsky, theodicy, freedom, absolute, autonomy, ideal, morals.
References:
Berdyaev N.A. Mirosozertsanie Dostoevskogo. M.: AST, 2007.
Beme Ya. O troystvennoy zhizni cheloveka. Ufa, 2011.
Golosovker Ya.E. Dostoevskiy i Kant. M., 1963.
Dostoevskiy F.M. Poln. sobr. soch. v 30 t. L.: Nauka, 1973.
Dostoevskiy F.M. Brat'ya Karamazovy. V 2 t. M., 1958.
Evlampiev I.I. Antropologiya Dostoevskogo [elektronnyy resurs] // http://anthropology.rchgi.spb. ru/dostoev/dostoevsk_i2.htm
Kant I. Sobr. soch. v 8-i t. M., 1994.
Kantor V.K. Ispoved' i teoditseya v tvorchestve Dostoevskogo (retseptsiya Avreliya Avgustina) // Vo-prosy filosofii. 2011. ¹ 4.
Maler A. Transtsendental'naya teologiya Kanta [elektronnyy resurs] // http://www.katehon.ru/html/ top/philosophia/transcendentalnaya_teologia_kanta.htm.
Protopopov I.A. Svoboda i ponyatie zla v «Religii v predelakh tol'ko razuma» Kanta. SPb., 2010.
Frank S.L. Nepostizhimoe. M., 2007.
Cherkasova E. Dostoevsky and Kant: dialogues on ethics. N.Y.-Amsterdam, 2009
Reference:
Maksimova, L. V..
What are the Morals? The Problem of Definition
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2012. – ¹ 10.
– P. 115-126.
Read the article
Abstract: The main cause of theoretical discussions and disputes about the origin and functions of morals is the difference
in methodological and world perception principles forming the basis of ethical theories. Part of the problem
is also the absence of generally accepted interpretation of the key term, morals. A common definition of the morals
would allow to minimize the dissidences caused by terminology with multiple meanings. It would also allow to considerably
narrow the scope of issues related to ethics. This article contains a critical analysis of approached to defining
morals. The author underlines the following common errors: 1) confusion of the two functionally different use of the
terms ‘morals’ – as a descriptive concept denoting a specific social and psychological phenomenon, and as an estimating
term expressing some kind of a positive attitude to certain motives and behavior; 2) equation of morals and
customs, therefore the variety of customs is interpreted as the variety of ‘morals’; 3) defining morals from the point of
view of ‘higher values’ thus specific moral values are substituted by the others. Moreover, when giving the definition
of morals, many researchers stress out the contents of moral principles and norms while the actually important indicator
of its specific nature is the unique intention or ‘the must’. In those few cases when this intention is recognized
as an essential feature of morals (for instance, in Kant’s works) when it is interpreted as a speculative ‘necessity’ deprived
of the ‘desire material’ and any support in human psyche. The author of the article makes an assumption that
the only way of existence of the moral intention is the feeling of moral duty as a special reality of individual and public consciousness which forms the common empire basis for theoretical (scientific and philosophical) interpretation and,
consequently definition of the moral phenomenon and its special features.
Keywords: philosophy, morals, ethics, definition, phenomenon, intention, intuition, value, reflection, the must.
References:
Apresyan R.G. Moral' // Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya: v 4-kh tt. T. II. M.: Mysl', 2001.
Apresyan R.G. Moral' // Etika: Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'. M.: Gardariki, 2001.
Artem'eva O.V. Angliyskiy eticheskiy intellektualizm XVIII-XIX vv. M.: IF RAN, 2011.
Guseynov A.A. Moral': istoriya ponyatiya // Chto takoe moral': sb. nauch. tr. / otv. red. R.V. Petropav-lovskiy. M.: IF AN SSSR, 1988.
Drobnitskiy O.G. Ponyatie morali. M.: Nauka, 1974.
Kant I. Kritika prakticheskogo razuma // Kant I. Soch.: v 6-ti tt. T. 4. Ch. 1. M.: Mysl', 1965.
Kant I. Osnovy metafiziki nravstvennosti // Kant I. Soch.: v 6-ti tt. T. 4. Ch. 1. M.: Mysl', 1965.
Maksimov L.V. Kognitivizm kak paradigma gumanitarno-filosofskoy mysli. M.: ROSSPEN, 2003.
Maksimov L.V. Kognitivnyy status etiki // Eticheskaya mysl'. Vyp. 8 / Otv. red. A.A. Guseynov. M.: IF RAN, 2007.
Moral' // Vikipediya. — URL = http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral'
Moral' // Sovremennaya entsiklopediya. — URL = http://dic.academic.ru/
Reference:
Prokofiev, A. V..
Protection of Future Generation Interests: Utilitarian Perspective
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2012. – ¹ 9.
– P. 139-150.
Read the article
Abstract: The given article analyzes pluses and minuses of the utilitarian ethics as the grounds for moral criteria of the
decision making process which touches the interests of future generations. The author shows that utilitarianism does not have any difficulties with involvement of future generations into the moral community and this is the advantage
compared to moral conceptions based on agreement. However, it also requires the discounting of future benefits and
costs which in its turn demands special ethical grounds. The author shows the conditional and situation nature of all
arguments for the benefit of discounting and makes a conclusion that utilitarian approach cannot be the only one
officially recognized methodology of ethics of the future. Utilitarian methods of decision making process including
the analysis of benefits and costs play an important role in social and ethical researches dedicated to the problem of
protection of interests of future generations but they must be combined with other ways and methods of discovering
of the public good from the point of view of generation relations.
Keywords: philosophy, morals, ethics, economics, utilitarianism, justice, future, discounting, resources, eco systems.
References:
Apresyan R.G. Moral'no-filosofskiy smysl dilemmy antropotsentrizma i non-antropotsentrizma // Eticheskaya mysl'. Vyp. 10. M.: IF RAN, 2010. S. 5-19.
Prokof'ev A.V. Po tu storonu bespristrastnosti // Chelovek. 2009. ¹
S. 21-34. 3. Ackerman F., Heinzerling L. Pricing the Priceless: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection // University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 2001. Vol. 50. P. 1553-1584.
Arrow K.J. Discounting, Morality, and Gaming // Discounting and Intergenerational Equity / Ed. P. Portney and J. Weyant. Washington: Resources for the Future, 1999. P. 13-21.
Beckerman W., Hepburn C. Ethics of the Discount Rate in the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change // World Economics. 2007. Vol. 8. ¹ 1. P. 187-210.
Chapman G.B. Time Preferences for the Very Long Term // Acta Psychologia. 2001. Vol. 108. ¹ 2. P. 95-116.
Cowen T. Caring about the Distant Future: Why It Matters and What It Means // The University of Chicago Law Review. 2007. Vol. 74. ¹ 1. P. 5-40.
Das
Reference:
Lazarev, V. V..
Concerning Vasily Zenkovsky’s Understanding of the Evil in Russian Religious
Philosophy
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2012. – ¹ 4.
– P. 78-88.
Read the article
Abstract: The article is devoted to design studies of the ‘evil’ by Vasily Zenkovsky — historian, philosopher
and participant of a philosophical process discussing the following questions: Does human
responsible for all his actions? Are the abuse of power and freedom the same things? Is following of God a forced process? Is the evil real? Is the evil absolute? Can it be overcome? The author also describes dialectics
of attitudes towards the evil and talks about the integral world perception and organic synthesis
in mono-dualism?
Keywords: philosophy, good, evil, dualism, mono-dualism, ethics, faith, organic synthesis, Zenkovsky, freedom.
References:
Berdyaev N.A. Russkaya ideya // O Rossii i russkoy filosofskoy kul'ture. Filosofy russkogo po-sleoktyabr'skogo zarubezh'ya. M.: Nauka, 1990.
Bulgakov S.N. Nevesta agntsa. M., 1945. S. 545.
Vysheslavtsev B.P. Etika preobrazhennogo erosa / Vstup. st., sost. i komment. V.V. Sapova. M.: Res-publika, 1994.
Zen'kovskiy V.V. Istoriya russkoy filosofii. V 2-kh tt. Rostov-n/D: Feniks, 1999.
Zen'kovskiy V.V. Osnovy khristianskoy filosofii. M.: Kanon+, 1996.
Solov'ev V.S. Opravdanie dobra // Solov'ev V.S. Sochineniya v 2-kh tt. T. 1. M.: Mysl', 1988.
Solov'ev V.S. Chteniya o Bogochelovechestve // Solov'ev V. S. Sochineniya. V 2-kh tt. M., Pravda, 1989.
Frank S.L. Nepostizhimoe // Frank S.L. Sochineniya. M.: Pravda, 1990.
Nesmelov V.I. Nauka o cheloveke. T. 2. Metafizika zhizni i khristianskoe Otkrovenie. Kazan', 1901
Reference:
Maksimov, L. V..
Is There a Rational Argumentation of Morals?
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2011. – ¹ 10.
– P. 76-92.
Read the article
Abstract: Philosophers have been debating whether there is a rational basis of morals for three centuries by now.
The debates on this very important topic have not led to any results, which can be explained by the diversity of
incompatible visions and approaches to this topic as well as uncertain interpretation of key terms and concepts
and general uncertainty of the discussed issue. The main goal of the article is to clarify the meaning and general
logic of the issue which is an essential condition for a productive discussion and solution. The article defends
David Hume’s idea about nonderivability of statements about what we ‘ought’ from what there ‘is’, i.e. the idea
that it is impossible to understand grounds of morals on the basis of knowledge about the world order. The
article also contains a critical analysis of modern literature on philosophy and attempts to argue against this
Hume’s statement or give a completely different meaning to it. The article is ended with the statement that a rational
argumentation of fundamental morals is logically impossible and, moreover, completely useless from the
practical point of view because these principles create a unified system of human values which are formed and
internalized by the means of natural and social factors. In other words, people adopt these values disregarding
the fact whether they have a rational basis or not.
Keywords: philosophy, morals, basis, explanation, belief, knowledge, values, norms, is (existing), ought (the must), imperative.
References:
Guseynov A.A. Dolg // Novaya filosofskaya entsiklopediya: V 4-kh tt. T. 1. M.: Mysl', 2000. S. 686-689.
Dekart R. Soch.: v 2 t. T. 1. M.: Mysl', 1989.
Kant I. Osnovy metafiziki nravstvennosti // Soch. M.: Mysl', 1965. T.
Ch. 1. 4. Kant I. Kritika prakticheskogo razuma // Soch. M.: Mysl', 1965. T. 4. Ch. 1.
Kant I. Kritika chistogo razuma. M.: Mysl', 1994.
Leybnits G.V. Soch.: v 4-kh tt. T. 2. M.: Mysl', 1982.
Maksimov L.V. Ocherk sovremennoy metaetiki // Voprosy filosofii. 1998. ¹ 10.
Maksimov L.V. Kognitivizm kak paradigma gumanitarno-filosofskoy mysli. M.: ROSSPEN, 2003.
Solov'ev B.C. Opravdanie dobra. M.: Respublika, 1996.
Shakhov M.O. Vozmozhen li perekhod ot znaniya o sushchem k znaniyu o dolzhnom? // Voprosy filosofii. 2009. ¹ 11.
Shokhin V. Dva tipa eticheskikh kontseptsiy. — URL = http://aliom.orthodoxy.ru/arch/023/sh23-fr.htm
Yum D. Traktat o chelovecheskoy prirode. V 2-kh tt. T. 2. M.: Kanon, 1995.
Corvino J. Review of the book: Cohon, R. Hume’s Mora
Reference:
Prokofiev, A. V..
Non-Violence Ethics as an Escape from the Moral Risk
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2011. – ¹ 7.
– P. 137-149.
Read the article
Abstract: The article well shows that a traditional claim against non-violence ethics disguising simple
helplessness and cowardice is beneath any criticism. However, imperative non-violence can hide a spiritual
and psychological pragmatics of another kind – intention of a subject to avoid any risks in the sphere
of moral improvement. The author of the article assumes that non-violence ethics is indeed an escape
from the moral risk, and this tendency ruins the basic moral about sincere starvation towards the other
person’s well-being. This study is based on such concepts as L. N. Tolstoy’s moral doctrine and M. Weber’s
phenomenology.
Keywords: philosophy, ethics, morals, duty, responsibility, perfection, non-violence, risk, L.N. Tolstoy, M. Weber.
References:
Veber M. Politika kak prizvanie i professiya // Veber M. Izbrannye proizvedeniya. M.: Progress, 1990. S. 644-705.
Guseynov A. A. Etika nenasiliya // Voprosy filosofii. 1992. ¹
S. 72-82. 3. Il'in I.A. O soprotivlenii zlu siloy // Il'in I.A. Put' k ochevidnosti. M.: Respublika, 1993. S. 6-175.
Kant I. Osnovanie metafiziki nravov // Kant I. Lektsii po etike. M.: Respublika, 2000. S. 224-283.
Nitsshe F. K genealogii morali // Nitsshe F. Soch. v 2-kh tt. T. 2. M.: Mysl', 1990. S. 407-524.
Prokof'ev A.V. Vybor v pol'zu men'shego zla i problema granits moral'no dopustimogo // Eticheskaya mysl': Ezhegodnik. Vyp. 9. M.: IF RAN, 2009. S. 122-145.
Prokof'ev A.V. Dolzhenstvovanie i vozmozhnost' // Voprosy filosofii. 2003. ¹ 6. S. 69-83.
Prokof'ev A.V. Kant, obman, primenenie sily… // Logos: filosofsko-literaturnyy zhurnal. ¹ 5 (68). 2008. S. 60-90
Solov'ev V.S. Tri razgovora o voyne, progresse i kontse vsemirnoy istorii // Solov'ev V.S. Sochi-neniya v 2-kh tt. T. 2. M.: Mysl', 1988. S
Reference:
Savvina, O. V..
Researches in the Sphere of Ethics of Academic Community and Tendencies of its Development
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2011. – ¹ 5.
– P. 148-154.
Read the article
Abstract: The article descries the history of researches in the sphere of ethics of academic community from R. Merton up to our
time and makes certain conclusions about further development of ethics of academic community. The author lays an emphasis
on the study of existing mechanisms of ethical regulation not only within the academic community but also in other related
spheres such as education and business organizations. At the end of the article the author makes a conclusion about a possibility
to adopt certain mechanisms of ethical regulation of ethics in academic community from corporate governance and
business ethics.
Keywords: philosophy, academic community, applied ethics, ethics of science, university, academic institution, ethical regulation, code of ethics, corporation, science.
References:
Allakhverdyan A.G., Moshkova G.Yu., Yurevich A.V., Yaroshevskiy M.G. Psikhologiya nauki // http://www. gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Psihol/Allahv/intro_2.php.
Burd'e P. Struktura, gabitus, praktika // Zhurnal sotsiologii i sotsial'noy antropologii. 1998. T. I. Vypusk 2.
Vedomosti ¹ 33 / pod red. V.I. Bakshtanovskogo, N.N. Karnaukhova. NII Prikladnoy etiki, Gosu-darstvennoe obrazovatel'noe uchrezhdenie vysshego professional'nogo obrazovaniya «Tyumenskiy gosudarstvennyy neftegazovyy universitet». 272 s.
Vedomosti ¹ 34 / pod red. V.I. Bakshtanovskogo, N.N. Karnaukhova. NII Prikladnoy etiki, Gosu-darstvennoe obrazovatel'noe uchrezhdenie vysshego professional'nogo obrazovaniya «Tyumenskiy gosudarstvennyy neftegazovyy universitet». 264 s.
D'yui Dzh. // Demokratiya i obrazovanie. M.: Pedagogika-Press, 2000. S. 270-321.
D'yui Dzh. // Rekonstruktsiya v filosofii. Problemy cheloveka. M.: Respublika, 2003.
Konovalova L.V. Prikladnaya etika. M.: IF RAN, 1998. 214 s.
Kun T. // Struktura nauchn
Reference:
Maksimov, L. V..
Epistemological Origins
of the Kant’s Ethical Absolutism.
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2010. – ¹ 12.
– P. 105-111.
Read the article
Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of
the connection between Kant’s epistemology and
ethics. The Kant’s idea of ethical absolutism is in
essence a consequence of the erroneous interpretation
of morality as a special sort of “knowledge”
and, accordingly, a result of the illegitimate insertion
into an ethical discourse the apriorist and constructivist
methodology.
Keywords: philosophy, ethics, absolutism, epistemology, gnoseocentrism, cognitivism, empiricism, apriorism, constructivism, ethical naturalism
References:
Kalinnikov L.A. Kant v russkoy filosofskoy kul'ture. Kaliningrad: Izd-vo RGU im. I.Kanta,
2005.
Kant I. Kritika chistogo razuma. M.: Mysl', 1994.
Kant I. Osnovy metafiziki nravstvennosti // Soch. M., 1965. T. 4. Ch. 1.
Maksimov L.V. Kognitivnyy reduktsionizm v naukakh o dukhe // Kognitivnyy podkhod. Nauchnaya
monografiya / Otv. red. V.A.Lektorskiy. M.: «Kanon+» ROOI «Reabilitatsiya», 2007.
Popper K. Vse lyudi — filosofy: Kak ya ponimayu filosofiyu; Immanuil Kant — filosof Pro-
sveshcheniya. M.: Editorial URSS, 2003.
Rokmor T. Kant o reprezentatsionizme i konstruktivizme» (Immanuil Kant: nasledie i pro-
ekt). M.: «Kanon+» ROOI «Reabilitatsiya», 2007.
Rorti R. Filosofiya i zerkalo prirody. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo Novosibirskogo universiteta,
1997.
Fogel' U. K voprosu o sistemnykh ideyakh Kanta // Immanuil Kant: nasledie i proekt. M.: «Ka-
non+» ROOI «Reabilitatsiya», 2007.
Reference:
Katsapova, I. A..
Meaning of Life: Moral Self-Improvement or Preaching?
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2010. – ¹ 5.
– P. 65-78.
Read the article
Abstract: By understanding the problem of life and death from the philosophical point of view, human can learn a wiser attitude to his life. We should not run away from thinking about the end of our life. We should accept it and appreciate all what reminds us of vanity of life and our activities. This is what Karl Jasper called the theory of ‘borderline situations’ in existentialism. In his theory Jasper talked about existential meaning of life. Based on Jasper, existentially our life never ends.
Keywords: philosophy, self-cognition, meaning of life, human, borderline situation, ideals, human being
References:
Ado P. Chto takoe antichnaya filosofiya? M., 1999.
Adorno T. Problemy filosofii morali. M., 2000.
Aristotel'. Ritorika // Antichnye ritoriki. Kn. 1. (1366 b, 25). M.: MGU, 1978.
Gerasimova I.A. Vvedenie v teoriyu i praktiku argumentatsii. M., 2007.
Gurevich P.S. Chelovek kak ob'ekt sotsial'no-filosofskogo analiza // Problema cheloveka v zapadnoy filosofii. M.: Progress, 1988. S. 505.
Dostoevskiy F.M. Soch. T. 5. S. 113.
Kon I. V poiskakh sebya. Lichnost' i ee samosoznanie. M.: Polit. lit-ra, 1984.
K'erkegor S. Naslazhdenie i dolg. Kiev, 1994.
Leont'ev A.N. Deyatel'nost'. Soznanie. Lichnost'. M., 1975.
Novgorodtsev P.I. Sochineniya. M., 1995.
Riker P. Ya — sam kak drugoy. M., 2008.
Sartr Zh.-P. Pervichnoe otnoshenie k drugomu: lyubov', yazyk, mazokhizm // Problema cheloveka v zapadnoy filosofii. M.: Progress, 1988.
Sartr Zh.-P. Ekzistentsializm — eto gumanizm // Sumerki bogov. M.: Politizdat, 1989.
Tolstoy L.N. Ispoved'. SPb, 2009. S. 10.
Tolstoy L.N. O z
Reference:
Kotusov, D. V..
Ethical Essence of Philosophy
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2010. – ¹ 2.
– P. 74-78.
Read the article
Abstract: This article is devoted to the principle and origins of philosophy which peculiarity is the absence of an object. This way, philosophy can be called ‘the science about ignorance’ and addresses to invisible (unconceivable) matter. It is possible to address to it only if we allow ‘invisible’ to ‘happen’, in other words, if we treat it both as a method and a goal. Based on his study, the author concluded that the method of philosophical learning comes from understanding the morals, so we have all rights to say that philosophy has an ‘ethical essence’.
Keywords: philosophy, ethics, morals, nothing, invisible, the other, transcend, thinking, Kant, Schweizer
References:
Alekseev P.V., Panin A.V. Khrestomatiya po filosofii. Uchebnoe posobie. Izdanie vtoroe, pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe. M.: OOO «VITREM», 2002. S. 3-224
Boroday Yu.M. Erotika-smert'-tabu. M.: Gnozis, Russkoe fenomenologicheskoe obshchestvo, 1996.
Gaydenko P.P. Proryv k transtsendentnomu: Novaya ontologiya KhKh veka. M.: Respublika, 1997.
Gartman N. Etika. S.-P.: «Vladimir Dal'», 2002.
Mamardashvili M.K. Neobkhodimost' sebya. Vvedenie v filosofiyu. M.: «Labirint», 1996.
Mamardashvili M.K. Kantianskie variatsii. M.: Agraf, 2002.
Kant I. Kritika chistogo razuma. M.: Eksmo; SPb.: Midgard, 2007.
Khaydegger M. Iz razgovora na proselochnoy doroge o myshlenii // Gelassenheit. Günther Neske. Pfullingen, 1959. S. 31-73. © A.S. Solodovnikova, perevod, 1991.
Khaydegger. Preodolenie metafiziki // Bytie i vremya. M.: Respublika, 1993.
Shveytser. Kul'tura i etika. M.: Progress, 1996.
Reference:
Maksimov, L. V..
Whom the Morals Defend
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2009. – ¹ 10.
Read the article
Abstract: Review: the main content of the article is a review of such concepts in philosophical anthropology which ascribe the status of the moral object to certain creatures or material things based on their ‘inherent worth’ or ‘natural rights’. It is shown that the mentioned status does not depend on inherent worth because such the moral object is formed under the influence of a number of objective cultural and historical factors
Keywords: philosophy, morals, bio ethics, environmental studies, anthropocentrism, bio centrism, eco centrism, inherent worth, personal goal, metaphysics, naturalism
References:
Reference:
Prokofyev, A. V..
Forms of justice according to Hugo Grotius: historical and ethical context
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2009. – ¹ 5.
Read the article
Abstract: Resume: the author of the article has tried to reconstruct some key tendencies in the history of the West-European social ethics based on changes in the classifications of forms of justice. The starting point of this research is Hugo Grotius’ classification of justice underling the secondary nature of the distributive component of justice. Grotius’ classification marked the beginning of new European views on justice. Grotius criticized Aristotelian approaches to the social ethics and sought other antique teachings to prove his views such as Cicero’s work “On Duties”.
Keywords: philosophy, morals, ethics justice, forms, distribution, exchange, Grotius, Aristotle, Cicero.
References:
Reference:
ZABOLOTSKAYA, I. K..
PHYLOSOPHY OF JOY
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2008. – ¹ 12.
Read the article
Abstract: The article criticizes the consumer society and the idea of “the golden milliard”. The author touched upon the old thought that it often took just to limit one’s wishes to find true happiness. Large consumption and greed bring only antagonism and hatred, class struggle, revolution and thousands of deaths.
Keywords:
References:
Reference:
Prokovief, A.V..
Idea of justice in the "Utilitarism" of J.St.Milles
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2008. – ¹ 10.
Read the article
Abstract: The paper is devoted to reconstruction of J.S.Mill’s understanding of justice (mainly according to the fifth chapter of Utilitarianism). Despite common tendency in utilitarianism to consider justice as a secondary and auxiliary moral concept Mill tried to give the idea of justice as high status as it has in live moral experience. For the purpose of this Mill distinguished different kinds of utility. According to Mill, the idea of justice corresponds to one of these kinds, which meets the need in security. In order to justify this approach and to make it acceptable by the untilitarianists, as well as to the adherents of the ethics of tradition and common sense Mill anticipated some problems which would be actively discussed in our days and proposed a number of controversial thesis regarding the essence of morality, the criteria of right actions, and the content of the principles of justice.
Keywords:
References:
Reference:
Apresian, R.G..
Case of Ahikara (to origin of moral).
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2008. – ¹ 9.
Read the article
Abstract:
Keywords:
References:
Reference:
GROSSMAN, E.A..
EXPENDITURES OF TECHNICAL PROGRESS
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2008. – ¹ 4.
Read the article
Abstract:
Keywords:
References:
Reference:
SULTANOVA, M.A..
THE ORIGIN OF MORALS. PART 1
// Philosophy and Culture. – 2008. – ¹ 3.
Read the article
Abstract: Human behavior is not based on reason alone. Humans have conscience, the moral feeling, which allows to evaluate one’s own acts and doings. The first views on conscience and its role one can find the Ancient world. This article of M.A. Sultanova is devoted to the genesis and development of morals…
Keywords:
References: