Abstract: The use of the article is often connected with difficulties for those people who study the Italian language, especially if it is absent in their native language. It is necessary to study the article comprehensively to understand its functioning better. For example, it is important to considerate the historical aspect: its formation, as well as the principles and contexts of its using during early stages of development. That's why the subject of the study is the functioning of the definite, indefinite and partitive article in the texts of comedies written by Italian authors of the 16th century. Particular attention is paid to the use of the partitive article in prepositional constructions because this structure, according to F. Sabatini, is considered an innovative trend in the modern Italian language of informal communication. The scientific novelty is in the material chosen for this research. Previously, Italian comedies were not used as a source of value for obtaining new knowledge about the language, in particular, the aspect concerning the functioning of the article. It is important that their texts imitate informal everyday communication, and therefore serve as valuable material for analyzing the language of the 16th century. The examples given in this research give reason to believe that the use of the partitive article with prepositions is not an innovation of italiano neostandard. Thus, at the present moment, the Italian language does not develop innovative structures, but rather undergoes a process of restandartization.

Keywords: indefinite article, definite article, parlato-recitato, 16th century theatre, Italian comic theatre, functioning of the article, restandartization of the Italian language, italiano neostandard, the Italian language, partitive article

Abstract: In this article, the author considers such means of creating an individual author's style as graphons and phonetic-graphic means. The subject of the study is both deviations from the norm, graphically designed, and purely graphic techniques subordinated to the idea of creating a language game. Among the phenomena considered by the author are italics, typeface variation, author's punctuation, capitalization, strikethrough, underlining, bold, solid writing, as well as special lettering of some characters. The research is based on the material of Umberto Eco's novel "Baudolino" and "Diario minimo". As the analysis has shown, Eco resorts to special character designs to create irony, as well as to enhance the expressiveness of the artistic text. The novelty of this study lies, first of all, in the choice of material that had previously remained outside the limits of linguistic research, as well as beyond the attention of domestic linguists. The novel "Baudolino" has hitherto been the subject of research exclusively among literary critics, semiotics and medievalists, but has not been considered from a linguistic point of view. The same can be said about humorous experiments of Umberto Eco. The theoretical significance of the research lies in attracting the attention of researchers to such means of creating an individual author's style as graphic and visual, based on the material of Umberto Eco's creative heritage.

Keywords: graphics norm, phonetics norm, blackletters, irony, Italian language, pragmatics, Umberto Eco, postmodernism, graphon, rebus

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of studying the "Siberian text" of Russian literature through the eyes of Chinese critics. The object of the study is the analysis of the "Siberian text" in Chinese literary criticism. The subject of the study is the metaphorical images of Siberia analyzed by Chinese critics in the works of Russian writers of the XVII-XX centuries. The main purpose of the work is to determine the specifics of studying the "Siberian text" of Russian literature with a brief overview of the main directions of modern research by Chinese critics. In the work, along with general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy and generalization, the following research methods were used: descriptive method, comparative method and method of linguocultural interpretation. The results of the study show that Chinese literary critics pay close attention to the works of classical and new Siberian writers. The main conclusions of the study are the classical images of Siberia and the change in the image of Siberia, as well as the famous writers of various trends and their works are summarized. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time new Chinese scientific achievements are involved in the research field – the assessments of Chinese researchers about the images of Siberia in Russian literature.

Keywords: the space of the initiation rite, the original paradise, the land of the dead, Chinese criticism, Russian literature, spatial-semiotic idea, Siberian plot, Siberian technique, Siberian text, the image of Siberia

Abstract: The subject of research in this article is artistic stylization, which is methodologically considered within the limits of receptive aesthetics and comparative studies. This principle of literary labeling is analyzed on the material of lyrical experiments by Venedikt Yerofeev. The "Anthology of the Poets of REMSTROYTREST", which becomes the illustrative base of the study, has not been subjected to such an assessment in the mass of critical sources. The article provides a comparative analysis of Venedikt Yerofeev's poetic sketches with classical texts of literature of the XIX - XX centuries. The relevance of this work lies in the direct explanation of the formation of a special manner of writing and poetics of the texts of Venedikt Yerofeev. It is productive to use the material for further verification of semantic constants of the works of the specified author. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the fact that for the first time in it the "Anthology of Poets of REMSTROYTREST" is considered within the boundaries of the alternative of artistic stylization. The literary experiment implemented in the "Anthology ..." is carried out at all major levels of the artistic whole: it is language, genre, form, style, manner, semantic integrity. Embodying the author's idea, Venedikt Yerofeev separates himself from the literal personal "I". It's as if he doesn't want to speak in his own voice, it's better and better to pronounce the evaluation version, according to Yerofeev, with other people's voices, adopting a certain speech mask. This form implements the fractal of double coding, the dynamics of aesthetic play, manipulation of the reader's consciousness. Artistic stylization also implements the attitude of imitation and partial recognition of the pretexts. Semantic limits are not distorted in the course of such variation, within the framework of postmodern poetics they reach the status of rhizome.

Keywords: comparative studies, receptive aesthetics, poetics, literary experiment, lyrics, Venedikt Yerofeev, artistic stylization, author, intertextuality, reader

Abstract: Axiological linguistics is a branch of linguistics that studies ways of expressing the speaker's assessment of the object of utterance, options for classifying assessments, as well as determining general cultural and nationally marked values through language analysis. Evaluation, according to the definition of N.D. Arutyunova, is a special cognitive act, as a result of which the attitude of the subject to the object being evaluated is established in order to determine its significance in the life and activity of the subject. Evaluation activity can be determined not only by philosophical attitudes, but also by the commonality of subjective and objective factors – moral norms, social practice, value orientations, level of education. Therefore, within the framework of the definition of the axiological aspect, the speaker, with the help of language and certain linguistic elements, can transmit, in addition to the information message as such, also his own evaluative connotation in relation to the object of the utterance. Concepts, as linguistic signs of the reflection of the picture of the world in the mind of the subject, fix the meanings inherent in this culture. The study of the semantic potential of the corresponding concepts leads us to the study of value-significant concepts and cultural dominants in the language. The purpose of this article is to study politeness as a significant concept of Russian and German language cultures. Now the phenomenon of polite is being rethought in both cultures.

Keywords: evaluation, German language culture, Russian language culture, phraseological units, language signs, linguistic axiology, language, value, politeness, concept

Abstract: This article aims to analyze the symbolic definitions of the zoonym "dog" in Persian and Russian phraseology (proverbs). The leading research methods were analytical, descriptive, classification, and comparative methods. The purpose of this work is to identify the common symbolic meanings of the word "dog" in Russian and Persian phraseological units in the linguo-cultural aspect. Based on research conducted by other authors, Olga Gennadyevna Yablonskaya and Fakhte Nakhavali, on Russian and Persian phraseological dictionaries, "dog" holds the top position in terms of frequency in the Russian language and the second position in Persian, following "donkey". It is important to study these phraseological units with the lexeme "dog" because the images created by this zoonym possess attributes that people can relate to, such as devotion, hunting, wildness, and noisiness. Despite the cultural and social differences, the main semantic characteristics derived from the name of this animal, like devotion, noisiness, wildness, and others, are almost the same in both Russian and Persian.

Keywords: proverbs, sayings, frequency, phraseological units, connotation, linguo-cultural aspect, dog, phraseology, Russian language, Persian language

Abstract: As a research task, the authors attempted to analyze the history of video games and the development of the gaming industry from the point of view of the formation of a number of prerequisites for the emergence of metaverses. Study covers the period from the late 1940s to the late 2010s, that is, until the moment when the term “metaverse” became an essential part of the discursive field. The methodology is based on a historical-genetic approach, which allows us to identify the causal links between the significant stages of the gaming industry development, technological environment and metaverses. The relevance of this research is due to several factors. First, over the past two years there has been a sharp increase in the amount of publications devoted to metaverses. Secondly, there is a lack of scientific research publications in Russian that would consider the phenomenon of metaverses and their genesis in the context of the development of other areas (video games, NFTs, AI, etc.). Thirdly, there is a notable frequent connection between metaverses and video games in the rhetoric of speakers around the world. However, both phenomena still remain independent, but in the future, presumably, will evolve in parallel. Tracing the development of the gaming industry in dynamics, the authors argue for the key role of video games (as a set of software and hardware, communication strategies, content and semantic components, etc.) in the emergence and development of metaverses.

Keywords: Second Life, user experience, cloud gaming, video game, digital avatar, immersive environment, augmented reality, virtual reality, Metaverse, COVID-19

Abstract: The subject of the study are the peculiarities of the nominations of heroes in the archaic Anglo-Saxon epic "Beowulf". The language nomination, which is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, is closely related to a person's understanding of the surrounding world and plays an important role in language. However, despite its importance, the study of this issue remains insufficiently studied. The purpose of this study is to examine the uniqueness of the hero nominations in Beowulf, analyzing the hero nominations not only etymologically, but also considering their potential meanings in context. To achieve the purpose of the study, various methods were used, including interpretive, word-formation, descriptive and etymological approaches. The results of the study can be used in teaching lecture courses on the Old English history and lexicology of English and, in reading special courses on linguocultural studies. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it conducted a comprehensive review of the system of hero nominations in the epic poem "Beowulf". It is concluded that the nominations of heroes in Beowulf are characterized by the use of proper names, which can be classified into monothematic, dithematic and suffix-monothematic names. On the other hand, there are various nominations based on common names, enriched with rich stylistic techniques, such as kenning, metaphor, etc. The nomination of heroes can change in different situations, reflecting the language, culture and values of the ancient Anglo-Saxon society.

Keywords: Compound Word, Common noun, Anthroponym, Old English, Beowulf, An Anglo – Saxon poem, Hero, Nomination, Metaphor, Kenning

Abstract: An Internet comment, being, in fact, a private opinion left under a post, with a certain set of similar statements, may reflect a trend in issues and topics of concern to society. In this article, based on the analysis of the comments of users of the social network, an assumption is made about the reflection in them of a threat to the integrity of society. The Macedonian social media space was chosen as a case for monitoring, the subject of interest was Internet comments on representatives of the Albanian ethnic minority of the Republic of North Macedonia. The relationship between representatives of two ethnic groups (Albanians and Macedonians) has a conflict background and conflict potential.   Based on the results of the analysis of the corpus of verbal data, the author formulated assumptions about the role of Internet commentary in reflecting the mood of society and its potency as one of the conditions in the development of the Albanian-Macedonian conflict, which is currently in a latent phase. On the one hand, comments left on social networks have a significant destructive potential within the framework of the described case; on the other hand, they have constructive potency, since the space of social networks becomes a kind of substitute in relation to the physical space and makes it possible to keep a possible conflict at the level of rejection in Internet comments, not allowing it to "get out outside."

Keywords: Macedonia, Republic of North Macedonia, destructive content, Macedonian media, media, online commentary, social network, ethno conflict, ethnic groups, public relations

Abstract: The proposed methodology complements the arsenal of the usual methods of segmentation, which is traditionally based on socio-demographic and financial characteristics. It is based on the study of human perception and segments the audience by sensory-representative systems. Sensory-cognitive systems are the most important element in the process of any communication. The success of transmitting, consuming and assimilating information with minimal aberration largely depends on the ability and mood of the audience to perceive the text through one or more channels. In the article, we will first consider the theoretical basis of this method, then give examples and provide an opportunity to monitor the reception of new techniques with the help of control questions. The task of PR practice is to facilitate this process for the audience by applying this technique. By targeting the audience through the leading perception channel and using the studied algorithms, professionals achieve more effective communication by fixing the consumer's interest not only on the information provided, but also on the emotional response. The algorithmic structuring of the communication process, which is an integral part of the methodology, helps to subsequently increase efficacy of PR activities, and reduce the time spent on the production of texts. In addition to obtaining the professional skill of interacting with the target audience, the technique allows one to determine the leading channel of perception by the student himself/herself and to improve the self-organization of their studies and their cognitive process. The use of workshops in teaching opens up new opportunities for personal and professional growth.

Keywords: audial perception, segmentation, advertising, public relations, teaching materials, methodology, sersoral perception, targeting, visual perception, communications

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the specifics and structure of negotiations and discourse in politics and business, some speech techniques and phrases, as well as important details of national and cultural specifics that need to be studied in order to avoid conflicts and misunderstandings. The objectives of this work are to identify the ethno-cultural features of business communication in Spanish during negotiations, to analyze some lexical units and speech structures of the Spanish business language and to describe situations that can lead to conflicts in business communication.The material of the article was scientific culturological works of russian and foreign authors, interviews of political figures and businessmen. The research methodology includes analytical, descriptive, interpretive, classification methods.The scientific novelty of this work consists in identifying and systematizing common verbal and nonverbal features of political and business negotiations in Spain, as well as the linguistic techniques used. It should be concluded that Spaniards definitely prefer verbal communication to non-verbal, try not to focus on audiovisual material and presentations. Analysis of the way of life of Spaniards, national values, traditions, holidays, shows that in Spain there is a huge number of events, festivals which reflects the expressive and creative nature of the Spanish people. Ignorance of the fundamental elements of the Spanish national culture can lead to disagreement in official business relations, so they should be thoroughly studied before negotiations begin.

Keywords: the Spanish language, socio-cultural aspect, linguistic aspect, national characteristics, politics, business, political negotiations, business negotiations, intercultural business communication, Spain

Abstract: The paper discusses major grammatical constructions that are used to describe the emotion of surprise in American English. Linguistic description of this emotion is difficult to formalize as this emotion is short-lived and is usually described in a clustered way. The linguistic material includes data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. The paper focuses on grammatical constructions that are used by the speaker to describe their emotions rather than on lexemes that nominate emotional states. Corpus analysis shows that the whole range of grammatical constructions in question can be categorized into two groups: constructions with one proposition and constructions with two propositions. The use of constructions with two propositions allows for a more extended description of the emotion and to shift the focus to the reason, time or action. The paper also claims that, although the emotion of surprise is regarded as a neutral emotion, the grammatical construction, by itself, foregrounds a negative discourse prosody of the lexemes that nominate the emotion of surprise.

Keywords: nomination of emotional states, emotion studies, linguistic representation, discourse prosody, emotion of surprise, corpus studies, grammatical construction, construction grammar, American English, linguistic patterns

Abstract: The subject of the study is the lexical means of expressing reproach. The object of the study is expressions with the intention of reproach. The theoretical basis of the research is the idea of reproach as a component of conflict communication. The study reveals the most general patterns of changing expressions with the intention of reproach in the screening of fiction. The analysis is carried out by comparing the expressions of the characters of the literary work with the expressions of the characters of the film adaptation. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as lexical changes in the text of a work of fiction during its film adaptation. Special attention is paid to the reasons for changing the text of a work of fiction during its film adaptation. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time a comparative analysis of expressions with the intention of reproach is carried out, the analysis is carried out in comparison of the text of fiction with its film adaptation. The following transformations were identified: the preservation of lexical composition, the omission of lexical units, the addition of lexical units and the replacement of lexical units. The main conclusions of the study are the reasons for the identified transformations, which are caused, firstly, by the change in the elements of the content of situations according to the director's plan. Secondly, transformations occur due to the cinema's greater ability to visually represent the objects of a work of art: the viewer sees what the reader can only read.

Keywords: comparative analysis, tactical step, tactics, strategy, film adaptation, fiction, conflict, lexical transformations, reproach, oral speech

Abstract: The object of the study is the novel "The Collector" by the American writer Nora Roberts. Interrelation of the contents’ meaning invariant and its variability inevitably springing up in the fiction translation process due to linguistic as well as extra-linguistic factors is analytically considered. Special heed is paid to the transcendence of the admissible or «tolerated» variability which is bound not only to infringe the translation invariant, but also to distort the original contents’ meaning as well as its distinctive stylistic features. Examples in the form of textual excerpts borrowed from the original and its published translation are compared and juxtaposed on the basis of the detailed linguistic examination of the voluntary deviations from the original made up by the translator both involuntarily, i.e. erroneously, and deliberately. They consist mostly either of the source text’s contents omission or introduction of his/her personal dysfunctional, redundant, and completely unjustified additional information to the target text. The examples are mainly classified according to the factors causing either the variability of the source text or its meaning’s distortion as well as to the effectiveness of various means aimed to protect the translation invariant. In most cases, the authors suggest their own equivalent versions of either omitted or distorted original’s excerpts as appropriate contextual correspondences. The authors conclude that such excessive variability in the translation of the novel into Russian distorted the general meaning of the original, changed its semantics and stylistics.

Keywords: stylistic, translation, semantic, correspondence, equivalent, adequate, variability, invariant, original, extra-linguistic