Abstract: The racial identity of an individual is one of the group characteristic features of a person, and there is need for its diagnostics in various expert situations.  It may include expert evaluation of a live person, filling in an authentication card for a corpse, description of a corpse of an unidentified person, provision of a verbal description of a missing person or a criminal suspect, description of appearance based on photo portraits for further identification or comparative studies, diagnostics based on scull, teeth and bones of post-cranial skeleton in the expertise of skeletized remains, reconstruction of the appearance based on skull, etc. In other words, the necessity for the racial identification of an individual is obvious. The author offers a list of features for establishing whether an individual belongs to a certain race.  The author offers to amend the existing list for expert evaluation of living persons and studies of photographs of persons of known racial identity with the different list of elements and provide statistical substantiation for the deciding rule in expert opinions.  The author also establishes the number of elements is necessary or sufficient for the positive or relative inclusion of an individual into one of two (Caucasian or Mongoloid) races, making a conclusion on the mixed origin or refusal to make a decision. The procedure for evaluation of each element is provided in detail, and the expert approbation for the method is provided.  The author considers that in the future the analogous approach shall be used for the formation of the list of race-diagnostic somatic elements.

Abstract: The need to establish whether the calcius belonged to a human or to an animal usually arises in cases of expertise of burnt or ash remains. The experts face the need to study large amount of large and small bone fragments at various stages of temperature incandescence (black, gray, white), which have been subject to shrinkage, deformation and various influences of external factors.  That is why each such expertise is unique in quantity and elements of objects, use of laboratory and diagnostic methods.  The authors draw attention of medical criminalist experts to the general methodological principles for such expertise: rational choice of methods, evidentiary value, and the limitations of the capabilities of methods, limitations to the studies and form for the conclusions. Strictly speaking, the judicial medical establishment of generic type of calcius is only possible based on biological study methods. In all other cases it is more precise to speak of defining the origin of bones (native, ashed) to a human being, animal or a bird.

Abstract: The natural and technogenous catastrophes, terrorist acts  have numerous victims. The possibility for the identification of the dead is usually dependent upon the level of destruction of the corpses. This principle serves as the basis for the judicial medical sorting in emergency situations. The final aim of sorting is to establish which of many various fragments belong to corpses of specific persons.   Reconstruction of destroyed corpses by their parts has humanitarian and religious value in addition to expert practical importance. Success of body part sorting (either direct or computer-based "assembly" by separation planes and anatomic property) depends on lack of significant corpse fragmenting and limited number of victims.  In most other cases this target is achieved after laboratory studies, and not in real-time mode. Based on above-mentioned issues, the topical problem for the judicial medical expertise at the focal point of the emergency situation is practical introduction of the specialized program diagnostic complexes, allowing to automatize the process of sorting of destroyed corpses and to restore their entirety and to form an electronic database on group and individual personal characteristics.